Editing Thomas Lovejoy (section)

==Biography==

=== Early life ===
Thomas Eugene Lovejoy III was born on August 22, 1941, in Manhattan, New York, to Jeanne (Gillette) and Thomas Eugene Lovejoy, Jr.<ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|last=Sandomir|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Sandomir|date=2021-12-28|title=Thomas Lovejoy, Wide-Ranging Ecologist and Amazon Rescuer, Dies at 80|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/28/climate/thomas-lovejoy-dead.html|access-date=2021-12-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He attended [[Millbrook School]], where he worked at The Trevor Zoo, under zoo founder Frank Trevor and his wife Janet. "The first three weeks were the key, and that's what flipped my switch in life and Biology. I was not prepared for the impact the Trevors would actually have on me in the classroom. And it was like my first three weeks and that was it. I'm going to be a biologist."  He graduated from Millbrook in 1959.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.millbrook.org/page/news-detail?pk=699484&fromId=201493|title=Underform Awards Presented During Spring Parents Weekend|date=2011-04-25|newspaper=Millbrook School|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Lovejoy enrolled at Yale University, earning his bachelor's degree in biology in 1964 while working as a zoological assistant at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. He also received his Ph.D. in biology from [[Yale University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gsas.yale.edu/news/alumnus-honored-lifetime-studying-and-defending-biodiversity|title=Alumnus Honored for Lifetime Studying and Defending Biodiversity {{!}} Yale Graduate School of Arts & Sciences|website=gsas.yale.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>

=== Conservation work ===
As a tropical [[biologist]] and [[conservation biology|conservation]] biologist, Lovejoy worked in the [[Amazon Rainforest]] of [[Brazil]] beginning in 1965.

From 1973 to 1987, Lovejoy directed the conservation program at the [[World Wildlife Fund]]-U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/leaders/thomas-lovejoy|title=Thomas Lovejoy {{!}} Leaders {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref> From 1987 to 1998 he served as assistant secretary for environmental and external affairs for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington, D.C.,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_9084|title=Thomas Lovejoy in Brazil|last1=Wolfgang|first1=Bayer|date=2011-09-15|newspaper=Smithsonian Institution Archives|access-date=2017-02-20|last2=sysadmin|language=en}}</ref> and in 1994 became counselor to the secretary for biodiversity and environmental affairs.

From 1999 to 2002, Lovejoy served as chief biodiversity adviser to the president of the [[World Bank]].  In 2010 and 2011, he served as chair of the Independent Advisory Group on Sustainability for the [[Inter-American Development Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/sustainability/independent-advisory-group-convened-to-examine-the-implementation-of-idbs-environmental-policy,1534.html|title=Independent advisory group convened to examine the implementation of IDB's environmental policy - Inter-American Development Bank|newspaper=Inter-American Development Bank|access-date=2017-02-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110355/http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/sustainability/independent-advisory-group-convened-to-examine-the-implementation-of-idbs-environmental-policy,1534.html|archive-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref>  He was senior adviser to the president of the [[United Nations Foundation]], chair of the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, and was past president of the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]], past chairman of the United States Man and Biosphere Program, and past president of the [[Society for Conservation Biology]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/thomas-lovejoy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223184753/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/thomas-lovejoy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 23, 2011|title=Thomas E. Lovejoy, Tropical and Conservation Biologist Information, Facts, News, Photos -- National Geographic|last=Society|first=National Geographic|newspaper=National Geographic|access-date=2017-02-20|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teamnetwork.org/science-advisory-board|title=Science Advisory Board {{!}} TEAM Network - Early Warning System for Nature|website=www.teamnetwork.org|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>

Lovejoy developed the [[Debt-for-Nature Swap|debt-for-nature swaps]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/photo/hdebt.html|title=Debt-For-Nature: Past and Future|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/STS300/equity/economic/dfnarticle2.html|title=International Economic System -Debt-for-Nature Swaps: Article|website=www.uow.edu.au|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110343/https://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/STS300/equity/economic/dfnarticle2.html|archive-date=2017-02-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> in which environmental groups purchase shaky foreign debt on the secondary market at the market rate, which is considerably discounted, and then convert this debt at its face value into the local currency to purchase biologically sensitive tracts of land in the debtor nation for purposes of environmental protection.

Critics of the [[Debt-for-nature swap|'debt-for-nature' schemes]], such as [[National Center for Public Policy Research]], which distributes a wide variety of materials consistently justifying corporate freedom and environmental deregulation, aver that plans deprive developing nations of the extractable raw resources that are currently essential to further economic development. Economic stagnation and local resentment of "[[American imperialism|Yankee imperialism]]" can result, they warn.  In reality, no debt-for-nature swap occurs without the approval of the country in question.

Lovejoy also supported the [[Forests Now Declaration]], which calls for new market-based mechanisms to protect tropical forests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/n8595e/n8595e0d.htm|title=Unasylva - No. 128 - Coexistence forestry and farming - Environment|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2017-02-20}}</ref>

Lovejoy played a central role in the establishment of [[conservation biology]], by initiating the idea and planning with B. A. Wilcox in June 1978 for ''The First International Conference on Research in Conservation Biology'', that was held in [[La Jolla]], in September 1978.  The proceedings,<ref>Soule, Michael E., Bruce A. Wilcox.  1980.  ''Conservation Biology:  An Evolutionary-Ecological Approach''. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.</ref> introduced conservation biology to the scientific community.

Lovejoy founded the [[Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project|Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP)]] near [[Manaus]], Brazil, in 1979 to understand the effects of the fragmentation on tropical rainforests on ecosystems and wildlife.

Lovejoy served on many scientific and conservation boards and advisory groups, and was the author of numerous articles and books. He is often misattributed as the founder of the [[PBS]] television series [[Nature (TV series)|''NATURE'']], for which he served as an advisor in the early days.  He served in an official capacity in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]], and [[William Clinton|Clinton]] administrations.

Lovejoy predicted in 1980 (see quote below), that 10&ndash;20 percent of all species on earth would have gone extinct by the year 2020.

=== Awards and recognitions ===
In 1996, Lovejoy was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas Eugene Lovejoy|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/thomas-eugene-lovejoy|access-date=2021-12-01|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref>

Lovejoy was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Thomas+E.+Lovejoy&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-01|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

In 2001, Lovejoy was the recipient of the University of Southern California's [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]].  Lovejoy has been granted the 2008 [[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award]] in the Ecology and Conservation Biology category (''ex aequo'' with William F. Laurance).

In 2001, Lovejoy received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Peter H. Raven]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2001 |title=Sylvia Earle Biography Photo |url= https://achievement.org/achiever/sylvia-earle/#biography|quote= Dr. Sylvia Earle with renowned conservation biologists and fellow American Academy of Achievement members, Thomas E. Lovejoy and Peter H. Raven, at the 2001 Banquet of the Golden Plate ceremonies in San Antonio, Texas.}}</ref>

In 2004, a new wasp species that acts as a parasite on butterfly larvae was discovered on the Pacific slope of the Talamanca mountain range in Costa Rica by Ronald Zúñiga, a specialist in bees, wasps and ants at the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio). INBio named the species ''Polycyrtus lovejoyi'' in honor of Lovejoy for his contributions in the world of biodiversity and support for INBio.<ref>{{cite news|title=INBio Discovers New Wasp Species |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2004_07/Week5/07_29_04.htm#story4|newspaper=Tico Times Online Daily|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527030546/http://www.ticotimes.net/dailyarchive/2004_07/Week5/07_29_04.htm#story4|archive-date=2011-05-27}}</ref>

On October 31, 2012, Lovejoy was awarded the [[Blue Planet Prize]] for being "the first scientist to academically clarify how humans are causing [[habitat fragmentation]] and pushing biological diversity towards crisis."

Lovejoy served continuously on the board of directors, from 2000, of the [[Amazon Conservation Team]], which works in partnership with indigenous people of tropical South America in conserving the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest, as well as the culture and land of its indigenous people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Conservation Team|url=http://www.amazonteam.org/|access-date=2021-01-10| website=Amazon Conservation Team|language=en}}</ref> He served on the board of directors from 2009 for the [[Amazon Conservation Association]], whose mission is to conserve the biological diversity of the Amazon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Conservation Association|url=http://www.amazonconservation.org/index.html|access-date=2012-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306090953/http://www.amazonconservation.org/index.html|archive-date=2012-03-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for [[Population Action International]] and served on the Scientific Board of SavingSpecies (elevated to SavingNature in 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://savingnature.com/about-saving-nature/ |title=About Saving Nature |publisher=SavingNature |date=2019-07-09 |accessdate=2022-03-21}}</ref>), a conservation organization featured in a ''Nature'' magazine article about Thomas Lovejoy's scientific accomplishments.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tollefson, Jeff |title=Forest ecology: Splinters of the Amazon |journal=Nature |volume=496 |issue=7445 |pages=286–289 |date=April 2013 |doi=10.1038/496286a |pmid=23598321|bibcode=2013Natur.496..286T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2016, he was selected as a U.S. Science Envoy by the [[United States State Department]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Announcement of U.S. Science Envoys|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/02/253734.htm|access-date=19 May 2016|work=United States Department of State|date=26 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, Lovejoy co-founded the Amazon Biodiversity Center<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon Forest Fragments Project|url=https://www.amazonbiodiversitycenter.org|access-date=2020-07-26|website=amazon-biodiversity|language=en}}</ref> to support the work of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project.

In 2021, he was elected member of the U. S. [[National Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html|title=News from the National Academy of Sciences|date=2021-04-26|access-date=2021-07-04|quote=Newly elected members and their affiliations at the time of election are:  … Lovejoy, Thomas E.; university professor, department of environmental science and policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Va.}}, entry in member directory:{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/44493.html|title=Member Directory|access-date=2021-07-04|publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref>

He died from [[pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor]] on December 25, 2021, in McLean, Virginia, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Rhett A. |title=Tom Lovejoy, prominent conservation biologist, dies at 80 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/12/tom-lovejoy-prominent-conservation-biologist-dead-at-80/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Mongabay |date=25 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dell'amore |first1=Christine |title=Thomas Lovejoy, renowned biologist who coined 'biological diversity,' dies at 80 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/thomas-lovejoy-obituary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226041252/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/thomas-lovejoy-obituary |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=National Geographic |date=26 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="nytobit"/>