Editing Third Crusade (section)

==Background==
{{main|Battle of Hattin|Siege of Jerusalem (1187)}}
[[File:Crusader States 1190.svg|thumb|The Near East, c. 1190, at the inception of the Third Crusade]]

King [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]] died in 1185, leaving the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] to his nephew [[Baldwin V]], whom he had crowned as co-king in 1183. Count [[Raymond III of Tripoli]] again served as regent. The following year, Baldwin V died before his ninth birthday, and his mother, [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sybilla]], sister of Baldwin IV, crowned herself queen and her husband, [[Guy of Lusignan]], king. [[Raynald of Châtillon]], who had supported Sybilla's claim to the throne, raided a rich caravan travelling from Egypt to Syria, and had its travelers thrown in prison, thereby breaking a truce between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin.{{sfn|Hamilton|1978|pp=106–107}}{{sfn|Barber|2012|p=297}} Saladin demanded the release of the prisoners and their cargo. The newly crowned King Guy appealed to Raynald to give in to Saladin's demands, but Raynald refused to follow the king's orders.

This final act of outrage by Raynald gave Saladin the opportunity he needed to take the offensive against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and in 1187 he laid siege to the city of [[Tiberias]]. Raymond advised patience, but Guy, acting on advice from Raynald, marched his army to the [[Hittin|Horns of Hattin]] outside of Tiberias. Saladin's forces fought the Frankish army, thirsty and demoralized, and destroyed it in the ensuing [[Battle of Hattin]] (July 1187).

Guy and Raynald were brought to Saladin's tent, where Guy was offered a goblet of water because of his great thirst. Guy took a drink and then passed the goblet to Raynald. Raynald's having received the goblet from Guy rather than from Saladin meant that Saladin would not be forced to offer protection to the treacherous Raynald (custom prescribed that if one were personally offered a drink by the host, one's life was safe). When Raynald accepted the drink from Guy's hands, Saladin told his interpreter, "say to the King: 'it is you who have given him to drink'".<ref>Lyons, Malcolm Cameron and D. E. P. Jackson, ''Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War'', (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 264.</ref>  Afterwards, Saladin beheaded Raynald for past betrayals. Saladin honored tradition with Guy, sending him to Damascus and eventually allowing him to be ransomed by his people.

By the end of 1187 Saladin had taken [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] and [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|Jerusalem]]. Christians would not hold the city of Jerusalem again until 1229.<ref>{{cite book|last= Riley-Smith|first= Jonathan|title= What were the Crusades?|date= 2009|publisher= Ignatius Press|page= 15|isbn= 9781137013927|edition= Fourth|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6-QcBQAAQBAJ|access-date= 6 August 2020|quote= The city of Jerusalem was lost to Saladin in 1187 and was to be held by the Christians again only from 1229 to 1244.}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pope [[Urban III]] is said to have collapsed and died (October 1187) upon hearing the news of the [[Battle of Hattin]].<ref>
Hans E. Mayer, ''The Crusades''. [[Oxford University Press]], 1965 (trans. John Gillingham, 1972), p. 139.</ref>

The new pope, [[Gregory VIII]], in the bull ''[[Audita tremendi]]'' dated 29 October 1187, interpreted the capture of Jerusalem as punishment for the sins of Christians across Europe. In the bull, he called for a new crusade to the [[Holy Land]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.119574 | doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.119574 | title=''Audita Tremendi'' and the Call for the Third Crusade Reconsidered, 1187–1188 | date=2018 | last1=Smith | first1=Thomas W. | journal=Viator | volume=49 | issue=3 | pages=63–101 | s2cid=216914511 }}</ref>