Editing Third Council of Constantinople (section)

==Background==
{{main|Monothelitism}}
The council settled a set of theological controversies that went back to the sixth century but had intensified under the emperors [[Heraclius]] ({{reign|610|641}}) and [[Constans II]] ({{reign|641|668}}). Heraclius had set out to recover much of the part of his empire lost to the Persians and had attempted to bridge the controversy with [[monophysitism]], which was particularly strong in Syria and Egypt, by proposing a moderate theological position that had as good support in the tradition as any other. The result was first [[monoenergism]], i.e., that Christ, though existing in two natures (divine and human), had one energy; the second was [[monothelitism]], i.e., that Christ had one will (that is, that there was no opposition in Christ between his human and divine volition). This doctrine was accepted in most of the Byzantine world. Still, it was opposed in Jerusalem and Rome and started a controversy that persisted even after the loss of the reconquered provinces and the death of Heraclius. When Heraclius' grandson Constans II took the throne, he saw the controversy as threatening the stability of the Empire and [[Type of Constans|attempted to silence discussion]] by outlawing speaking either in favor or against the doctrine.<ref>''The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon'', Volume 1, transl. Richard Price and Michael Gaddis (Liverpool University Press, 2005), 55.</ref> [[Pope Martin I]] and the monk [[Maximus the Confessor|Maximus]], the foremost opponents of monothelitism (which they interpreted as denying a human faculty of will to Christ), held a [[Lateran Council of 649|synod in Rome in 649]] that condemned monoenergism and monothelitism.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joseph N. |last=Tylenda |title=Saints and Feasts of the Liturgical Year |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=2003 |page=60 |isbn=0-87840-399-X }}</ref> At Constantinople in around 653, some accused the Pope of supporting revolution; this was regarded as high treason, and Martin was accordingly arrested, tried, condemned and sent into exile, where he soon died. Martin and Maximus's position was supported by others at the Council of Constantinople.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ekonomou |first=Andrew J. |author-link=Andrew J. Ekonomou |year=2007 |title=Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-1977-8 }}{{pn|date=November 2022}}</ref>{{pn|date=November 2022}}{{sfn|Siecienski|2010|p=74}}