Editing The Dalles, Oregon (section)

==History==
The area around The Dalles is known to have been a trading center for Native Americans as long as 10,000 years ago and is thus one of the oldest inhabited places in [[North America]].

The site of what is now the city of The Dalles was a major Native American trading center. The general area is one of the continent's most significant archaeological regions.<ref name=historicthedalles>{{cite web |url= http://historicthedalles.org/history/ |title= Historic The Dalles |publisher= Wasco County Historical Society |access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref> [[Lewis and Clark]] camped [[Rock Fort Campsite|near Mill Creek]] on October 25–27, 1805, and recorded the Indian name for the creek as ''Quenett''.

===Etymology===
The name of the city comes from the French word ''[[Wiktionary:dalle|dalle]]'', meaning either "sluice", akin to English "dale" and German ''T''[''h'']''al'', "valley", or "flagstone", referring to the [[columnar basalt]] rocks carved by the river<ref>{{cite book |last= Gibson |first= James R. | title= The Lifeline of the Oregon Country: The Fraser-Columbia Brigade System, 1811–47 |year= 1997 |publisher= University of British Columbia (UBC) Press |isbn= 0-7748-0643-5 |page= [https://archive.org/details/lifelineoforegon0000gibs/page/125 125] |url= https://archive.org/details/lifelineoforegon0000gibs|url-access= registration }}</ref><ref name=OGN>{{OGN|6th|page=826}}</ref> (in ''[[voyageurs|voyageur]]'' French used to refer to rapids), which was used by the [[French-Canadian]] employees of the [[North West Company]] to refer to the rapids of the [[Columbia River]] between the present-day city and [[Celilo Falls]]. Also in the same area was the Petites Dalles or Little Dalles, or Short Narrows. In French, "les dalles" means "the slabs". When a river flows over hard flat rocks, it becomes shallow, and rapids are created.

===Fur trade===
The first use of the name ''Dalles'', according to ''[[Oregon Geographic Names]],'' appears in fur trader [[Gabriel Franchère]]'s ''Narrative'', on April 12, 1814, referring to the long series of major rapids in the river.<ref name=OGN/> Starting in the 1810s, Americans and Europeans passed by what became The Dalles, active in the [[North American fur trade]] as employees of either the American [[Pacific Fur Company]] (PFC) or the Canadian North West Company (NWC). Men like NWC officer [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]] voyaged both down and up the Columbia, traveling through Celilo Falls. The [[War of 1812]] led to the 1813 liquidation of the PFC, its properties like [[Fort Astoria]] sold to the North West Company.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=1BB54FF5-E32A-ADF7-9FC4C75B10C2B48D |title= Fort Astoria, 1813 |publisher= [[Oregon Historical Society]] |access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref>

[[Image:The Dalles early.jpg|thumb|left|Early illustration of The Dalles, attributed to Joseph Drayton]]

In 1821 the North West Company was absorbed by the giant London-based [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC). [[Fort Vancouver]], built in 1824, replaced Fort Astoria as the regional fur trade headquarters. The HBC's trading network made extensive use of the Columbia River. The rapids of the Columbia River at The Dalles was the largest and longest of the four "great portages", where fur trading boats had to unload and transship their cargoes. Sometimes, during high water, boats traveling downriver would "shoot the rapids" instead of portaging, although the practice was dangerous and many people died as a result over the years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gibson|first=James R.|title=The Lifeline of the Oregon Country: The Fraser-Columbia Brigade System, 1811–47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4imt4oeWrr0C&pg=PA6|access-date=August 28, 2011|year=1998|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0643-5|page=114}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| header            = The Dalles in the 1880s
| width             = 200
| image1            = 1880 The Dalles, Oregon.jpeg
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = Second Street {{circa|1880}}
| image2            = 1880 Umatilla House The Dalles, Oregon.jpeg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = The Umatilla House hotel {{circa|1880|lk=no}}
| image3            = 1881 E. B. McFarland House The Dalles, Oregon.jpeg
| caption3          = E. B. McFarland House {{circa|1881|lk=no}}
}}

===Wascopam Mission===
{{main|Wascopam Mission}}

In 1838 a branch of [[Jason Lee (missionary)|Jason Lee's]] [[Methodist Mission]] was established at Celilo Falls, named the [[Wascopam Mission]], after the native [[Wasco-Wishram|Wasco]] Indians.<ref name=fortdalleshistory>{{cite web |url= http://www.fortdallesmuseum.org/fort-dalles_history.htm |title= Fort Dalles History |publisher= Fort Dalles Museum and the Anderson Homestead |access-date= August 28, 2011 |archive-date= March 4, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025712/http://www.fortdallesmuseum.org/fort-dalles_history.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1850 the U.S. Army founded a small post at the site of the old mission, being eventually named [[Fort Dalles]]. Fort Dalles became the nucleus of the town of The Dalles, which began to develop along the waterfront.<ref name=fortdalleshistory/> In 1855, at the end of the [[Cayuse War]], the Indians living near The Dalles were forcibly relocated by the U.S. Army to the [[Warm Springs Indian Reservation]].<ref name=fortdalleshistory/>

===American settlement===
In the early 1840s American settlers began to arrive in significant numbers, traveling overland via the [[Oregon Trail]]. The trail ended at The Dalles. It was not possible to take wagons farther west due to steep cliffs that fell straight into the Columbia River. Until the construction of the [[Barlow Road]] in 1846, the only way to reach Fort Vancouver and the [[Willamette Valley]] was by rafting down the river from The Dalles.<ref name=fortdalleshistory/>

A post office was established within the boundaries of the current city in 1851, and The Dalles was incorporated as a city in 1857. It has been the major commercial center between [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] and [[Pendleton, Oregon|Pendleton]] since. The city was originally named just "Dalles". In 1853 it was changed to "Wascopum," then, in 1860, to "The Dalles".<ref name=historicthedalles/>

In 1864, the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] appropriated money to build a [[United States Mint|U.S. mint]] in [[The Dalles Mint|The Dalles]] that was to use gold from [[Canyon City, Oregon|Canyon City]] for [[Mint (coin)|coinage]]. The supply of gold from Canyon City began to dwindle, however, and other problems, such as cost overruns, workers leaving to work the gold fields, and flooding from the Columbia River, also contributed to the project running two years behind schedule and led eventually to its demise. In 1870, the [[Government of Oregon|State of Oregon]] received the property from the U.S. Government and the building was put to other uses.<ref>[http://www.wasco-history.r9esd.k12.or.us/comm/td/mint.html Wasco History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205180537/http://www.wasco-history.r9esd.k12.or.us/comm/td/mint.html |date=February 5, 2012 }}. Wasco-history.r9esd.k12.or.us. Retrieved on June 4, 2012.</ref> The mint is now home to Freebridge Brewing.<ref>[http://www.historicthedalles.org/the_dalles_commercial_district.htm#mint The Dalles U.S. Branch Mint/Erin Glenn Winery (1870)]</ref><ref>[http://www.numismaster.com/ta/numis/Article.jsp?ad=article&ArticleId=7049 Mint that Never Was Makes Interesting Tale]</ref>
[[Image:The Dalles City Hall.jpg|thumb|left|The Dalles City Hall]]

===20th and 21st centuries===

Construction of [[The Dalles Dam]] in 1957 submerged the Long Narrows and [[Celilo Falls]].

In 1963, [[Ken Kesey]]'s novel ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' was published featuring the narrator, Chief, who is from The Dalles.<ref>[http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/LitNote/One-Flew-Over-the-Cuckoo-s-Nest-Summary-and-Analysis-They-re-Out-There.id-136,pageNum-13.html One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Summary and Analysis: There's a Monopoly Game]. CliffsNotes. Retrieved on June 4, 2012.</ref>

In 1970, the [[Bonneville Power Administration]] opened the [[Celilo Converter Station]] near the northern terminus of the [[Pacific DC Intertie]] which sends 3,100 [[megawatts]] of electricity to Los Angeles.

In 1982, a curly-coated kitten was born on a farm in The Dalles owned by Linda and Dick Koehl. The Koehls used this kitten and her offspring to develop a new breed of cat called the [[LaPerm]], which went on to become a popular, established, championship pedigree cat breed around the world.<ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.lapermcats.com/LPSAhistory.html
 | title = History of the Breed
 | publisher = The LaPerm Society
 | quote = In the midst of these hunting grounds, near The Dalles, Oregon and under the watchful eye of Tsagaglalal, the LaPerm came into existence in the spring of 1982.
 | access-date =May 29, 2011
}}</ref>

In 1984, The Dalles was the site of the [[1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack|first and single largest bioterrorism attack in United States history]].

In 1986, ''[[Penalty Phase]]'', a film starring [[Peter Strauss]] and [[Melissa Gilbert]], was filmed in and around The Dalles.<ref>[http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/ucla/hickman48.htm Tarlton Law Library – Law in Popular Culture Collection – Law and Lawyers in Popular Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106033801/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/ucla/hickman48.htm |date=January 6, 2009 }}. Tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Retrieved on June 4, 2012.</ref>

In 2018, [[Terry A. Davis]], creator of the [[TempleOS]] operating system, walked from Portland, Oregon to The Dalles in three days via the Columbia River Gorge. There, he was struck by a train and died at the age of 48.<ref>{{Citation|last=Terry Davis|title=Terry Davis: Portland Exodus|date=2018-06-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HS4NfX4WmzA| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901075426/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HS4NfX4WmzA| archive-date=2018-09-01 | url-status=dead|access-date=2018-06-08}}</ref>