Editing Thamesmead (section)

== History ==

=== Military use ===
{{stack|[[File:Pilkington Canal, Thamesmead - geograph.org.uk - 369840.jpg|thumb|Pilkington Canal (also called Broadwater Canal) - used to connect to Woolwich Arsenal, now remains as a water feature.]]}}
Most of the land area of Thamesmead previously formed about {{convert|1000|acre|km2}} of the old [[Royal Arsenal]] site that extended over [[Plumstead]] Marshes and [[Erith Marshes]]. There is some evidence of prehistoric human occupation of the area: flints, animal bones and charcoal were found in bore holes around Western and Central Way in 1997 by the [[Museum of London]] Archaeological Service (MOLAS).<ref name=prehist>[http://www.molas.org.uk/pages/siteSummariesDetailsAll.asp?year=summaries1997&borough=Greenwich Museum of London Archaeological Service site summaries 1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121224065139/http://www.molas.org.uk/pages/siteSummariesDetailsAll.asp?year=summaries1997&borough=Greenwich |date=24 December 2012 }}, accessed 27 May 2008</ref> In [[Roman Britain|Roman]] times, the river level was significantly lower, and work by MOLAS in 1997 around Summerton Way revealed evidence of field ditches and pottery and [[Quern-stone|quernstones]] from Germany dating from around the 3rd or 4th century. After the Roman era, river levels rose again and the area reverted to marshland.<ref name=roman>[http://www.molas.org.uk/pages/siteSummariesDetailsAll.asp?year=summaries1997&borough=Bexley Museum of London Archaeological Service site summaries 1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121224005002/http://www.molas.org.uk/pages/siteSummariesDetailsAll.asp?year=summaries1997&borough=Bexley |date=24 December 2012 }}, accessed 27 May 2008</ref> According to [[Edward Hasted|Hasted]], some areas of this marshland were drained by 1279 by the monks of [[Lesnes Abbey]].

Between 1812 and 1816, a canal was built by convicts to take materials such as timber from the River Thames to [[Royal Arsenal|Woolwich Royal Arsenal]]. Much of this canal has been filled in, but part remains in Thamesmead West and is now called the Broadwater.<ref name=canal>[http://www.glias.org.uk/news/142news.html Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society, notes from Bob Carr October 1992], accessed 27 May 2008</ref> A disused lock gate and swing bridge over the canal still exist beside the River Thames.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lock and Swing Bridge, Greenwich, London|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-398178-lock-and-swing-bridge-woolwich|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003042827/http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-398178-lock-and-swing-bridge-greater-london-aut|archive-date=3 October 2012|access-date=5 April 2018|website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}</ref>

=== Original concept ===
Thamesmead as it is now was built at the end of the 1960s. Efforts were made to solve the social problems that had already started to affect earlier estates. These were believed to be the result of people being uprooted from close-knit working-class communities and sent to estates many miles away, where they did not know anybody. The design of the  new estates meant that people would feel more isolated than they would have done in the [[terraced housing]] that had been typical in working-class areas. The solution proposed was that once the initial residents had moved in, their families would be given priority for new housing when it became available.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Another radical idea of the GLC division architect Robert Rigg was taken from housing complexes in [[Sweden]], where it was believed that lakes and canals reduced vandalism and other crime, mainly among the young. He used water as a calming influence on the residents.<ref name="michaelcollins.info">{{cite web |url=http://www.michaelcollins.info/Michaelcollins.info/Index%20/8AF83FE5-33F1-4CA9-AE7D-6E1AFA41AECE.html |title=Dreams set in concrete |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520173002/http://www.michaelcollins.info/Michaelcollins.info/Index%20/8AF83FE5-33F1-4CA9-AE7D-6E1AFA41AECE.html |archive-date=20 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[File:2017 Thamesmead aerial view 01.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Aerial view, looking south, of Thamesmead South and Central, with Southmere Lake which is fed by the [[River Wogebourne]] in foreground (2017)]]Much of Thamesmead was initially built by the [[Greater London Council]] (GLC) for rent to families moving from overcrowded back-to-back Victorian housing (also referred to as slums) in south eastern parts of [[Inner London]]. The area had been inundated in the [[North Sea flood of 1953|Flood of 1953]], so the original design placed living accommodation at first floor level or above, used overhead walkways and left the ground level of buildings as garage space.<ref name = hist/> There is also an elevated 'escape route' from the estate to be used in the event of flooding, which runs along the top of a grassed mound to the north of Lesnes neighbourhood.

The first residence was occupied in 1968, but already there were rain penetration problems.<ref name = hist2/> The pre-1974 parts of Thamesmead are a mix of modernist town houses, medium-rise and 12-storey blocks system-built in concrete, which have featured in various films due to their 'rough urban look'; the design of the newer buildings is more traditional and in brick.<ref name=hist>[http://wwp.greenwich2000.com/info/local/thamesmead.htm Thamesmead, A Potted History, by Marc Anderson, on Greenwich 2000 website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221120754/http://wwp.greenwich2000.com/info/local/thamesmead.htm |date=21 February 2008 }}, originally from Thamesmead Gazette July 1995, accessed 27 May 2008</ref>

When the GLC was abolished in 1986, its housing assets and the remaining undeveloped land were vested in a [[non-profit organisation]], Thamesmead Town Limited (TTL). TTL was a private company with an unusual form of governance{{clarify|date=February 2013}}. Its nine executive directors were local residents; they periodically submitted themselves to re-election. Subsequently six additional paid directors who did not live in the area were appointed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/15714/thamesmead-town-ltd|title = THAMESMEAD TOWN Ltd - Early Day Motions - UK Parliament}}</ref>

=== Problems with the Estate ===

==== Lack of Public Transport ====
Despite early proposals for the [[Jubilee Line Extension]] to go to Thamesmead,<ref name="michaelcollins.info"/> via the [[Isle of Dogs]] and the [[Royal Docks]], Thamesmead was not included and after reaching the [[Greenwich Peninsula]], the line heads north to [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] (via [[Canning Town]] and [[West Ham]]), despite Stratford also being on the major Central line tube link into London. The main reason cited for this decision was that many workers in [[Canary Wharf]] lived in Essex and could change from [[National Rail]] to the Jubilee line at Stratford and [[West Ham]].

Thamesmead is also cut-off from the north of the River Thames and is in the centre of the {{Convert|15|mi|km|adj=on}} gap between the [[Blackwall Tunnel]] and the [[Dartford Tunnel]]/[[QE2 Bridge]]. Various proposals have been made for a new river crossing, the closest of which was in the late 1980s, when there was a controversial proposal to alter the shape of London's South Circular inner orbital road to run through Oxleas Woods. Houses in [[Plumstead]] were compulsorily purchased but the plans fell through. Since then, Thamesmead has grown significantly, limiting the number of potential sites for a new river crossing.

==== Lack of Public Amenities ====
The most significant design failure was the almost complete lack of shopping facilities and banks: only a few "corner shops" were initially built at Tavy Bridge. From the start Thamesmead was cut-off from [[Abbey Wood]], the nearest town with shopping facilities, by a railway line; however a four-lane road bridge was built over the railway in the early 1970s. The area was then cut in two by the A2016, a new four-lane dual carriageway by-pass of the Woolwich to Erith section of the A206 (although this road only got as far as the industrial part of lower Belvedere: the extension to Erith was opened in 1999). Still, residential building continued, this time on the other side of the A2016, which cut this part of Thamesmead off from rail travel to central London.  Over time more facilities developed, with a Morrisons supermarket and retail park near Gallions Reach. Bus services were improved and residents can now easily reach Abbey Wood railway station.

'''Architectural Shortcomings'''

Thamesmead was designed around modern, futuristic ideas, and indeed, looked impressive at first from a distance. It  provided walkways between its blocks of homes and later between sections in North Thamesmead. However, the multi-levelled streets and bridges were confusing and crime-friendly.They were not considered safe places to walk. Moreover, pathways set out for people to walk on were put in without regard to how people would wish to get about, so some were ignored in favour of more direct routes over grassed areas. 

=== 21st century ===
[[File:Thamesmead, clock tower - geograph.org.uk - 865310.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The clocktower, originally in [[Deptford Dockyard]], now in the pedestrianised central shopping area of Thamesmead]]
In 2000, TTL was wound down and two new organisations were formed. In broad terms, Gallions [[Housing Association]] took over the ownership and management of the housing assets whilst Tilfen, later Tilfen Land, took over the remaining undeveloped land. Tilfen is jointly owned by Gallions and Trust Thamesmead.<ref name=hist2>[http://www.trust-thamesmead.co.uk/sub_page.cfm/section/history/editID/207/textonly/no Thamesmead History on Trust Thamesmead website] accessed 27 May 2008</ref> [[District heating]] and [[cable radio]] broadcasting were pioneered in Thamesmead. The District heating system was decommissioned around 2000;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidehousing.co.uk/insight/insight/the-city-inside-a-city-46771|title = The city inside a city}}</ref> properties connected to it had wet radiator systems installed by the landlord.

The Tavy Bridge area is now being redeveloped by Gallions in partnership with [[Wates Group]]; the plans include homes with dwelling space at ground-floor level, making them susceptible to any future flooding.

Thamesmead now features a retail park finished in brick anchored around a [[Morrisons]] Supermarket; there is also a shopping parade which has mainly service-based outlets such as hairdressers and estate agents. It features a clock tower and lake. Some of the original overhead pedestrian walkways have been demolished for reasons of public safety and some ground-floor garages have been unfilled, as incidents of crime deterred their use as parking space.

Trust Thamesmead is a [[registered charity]] set up to provide community services across Thamesmead. It runs six community centres and a variety of projects promoting social development and work and training projects.<ref name=tt>[http://www.trust-thamesmead.co.uk/about_us.cfm 'About Us' on Trust Thamesmead website], accessed 27 May 2008</ref>

[[File:2018 Thamesmead West 04.jpg|thumb|View from Gallions Hill towards Gallions Reach Park]]

Thamesmead West contains Gallions Ecopark<ref name=ecopark>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallionsecopark.co.uk/home.htm|title=Gallions Ecopark in Thamesmead|website=gallionsecopark.co.uk|access-date=5 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827214020/http://www.gallionsecopark.co.uk/home.htm|archive-date=27 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> a pioneering small social/affordable housing development with homes built to high energy efficiency and environmental standards. The estate also includes a small lake and a number of man-made landmarks created from recycled excavated material that serve as viewing platforms. The biggest of these is {{Convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} high Gallions Hill with a spiral path leading to the summit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/9628318/Gallions-Hill|title=Gallions Hill - Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://londonist.com/2016/04/climbing-the-highest-peak-in-thamesmead|title=Climbing The Highest Peak In Thamesmead|author=Matt Brown|date=15 April 2016|website=londonist.com|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

Part of Thamesmead West is also sometimes referred to as '''Gallions Reach Urban Village'''. This can lead to confusion, as it is on the opposite bank of the River Thames from [[Gallions Reach DLR station]] and Gallions Reach shopping park. There is no [[Docklands Light Railway]], [[London Underground]] or rail station in Thamesmead West.

Early 21st century new build properties in Thamesmead West have been blighted by social problems and mass repossessions,<ref name="requiem">{{cite news |last=Ford |first=Jonathan |date=3 October 2008 |title=Requiem for a dream home |website=Financial Times |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1235fb4e-8f5f-11dd-946c-0000779fd18c.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1235fb4e-8f5f-11dd-946c-0000779fd18c.html |archive-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> attracting national attention.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-08-11|title=The fraud capital of the UK|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8193884.stm|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> Housing is still under construction both by Gallions Housing Association (for rent and part rent/part buy) and by private developers (for outright sale). Another new development is under construction in 2010. The final phase of the Gallions Reach Urban Village (ecopark) is the creation of Gallions Reach Park, a {{Convert|14.3|acre|ha|adj=on}} public open space land, between Gallions Hill and the River Thames.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tilfenland.co.uk/pages/Press-news.asp| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216102307/http://www.tilfenland.co.uk/pages/Press-news.asp| archive-date = 2008-12-16| title = ANOTHER SOLID PERFORMANCE FROM TILFEN LAND AS GATEWAY INVESTOR AND DEVELOPER REPORTS}}</ref> Water remains an important feature of the several parks and open spaces.

In November 2007, Bexley Council marked Thamesmead's 40th birthday with a motion proposed by local Councillor David Leaf and seconded by Councillor John Davey.

In 2014, Gallions, Tilfen Land and Trust Thamesmead were taken over by [[Peabody Trust]], a London housing association.<ref>Peabody, http://www.peabody.org.uk/news-views/2014/jan/gallions-joins-peabody</ref> In 2015, two Housing Zones in Thamesmead were announced by the Mayor of London for delivery of 2,800 homes. The zones are ''Abbey Wood and South Thamesmead'', between Abbey Wood station and Southmere Lake, and ''Abbey Wood, Plumstead and Thamesmead''.<ref>Mayor of London, {{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/mayor-press-releases/2015/02/mayor-names-londons-first-housing-zones |title=Mayor names London's first Housing Zones &#124; London City Hall |access-date=2015-02-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221090351/http://www.london.gov.uk/media/mayor-press-releases/2015/02/mayor-names-londons-first-housing-zones |archive-date=21 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Peabody said in 2018 that it will deliver 20,000 new homes, increasing the number of residents to around 80,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hortweek.com/landscape-will-drive-regeneration-londons-thamesmead-development/landscape/article/1488878 |title=How landscape will drive the regeneration of London's Thamesmead development &#124; Horticulture Week |publisher=Hortweek.com |date=2018-07-25 |access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref>

While a railway extension from [[Barking Riverside railway station|Barking Riverside]] was mooted for several years, Transport for London secured funding in 2020 for a potential [[Docklands Light Railway extension to Thamesmead]] on the network's branch to [[Beckton DLR station|Beckton]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/18763138.relief-planned-dlr-extension-thamesmead-retained/|title=Relief as 'vital' DLR extension to Thamesmead kept on TFL's project list|date=October 2020 }}</ref> A public consultation about the proposed extension was launched in February 2024.<ref name="Vickers-06Feb2024">{{cite news |last1=Vickers |first1=Noah |title=DLR extension: TfL launch consultation to extend light railway to Thamesmead |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/tfl-dlr-extension-thamesmead-consultation-beckton-riverside-belvedere-london-docklands-light-railway-b1137123.html |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=Evening Standard |date=6 February 2024}}</ref>