Editing Texas Instruments (section)

==History==
[[File:North Campus Gate1.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Texas Instruments North Campus facility in Dallas, Texas]]

Texas Instruments was founded by [[Cecil H. Green]], [[J. Erik Jonsson]], [[Eugene McDermott]], and [[Patrick E. Haggerty]] in 1951.  McDermott was one of the original founders of [[Geophysical Service Incorporated|Geophysical Service]] Inc. (GSI) in 1930. McDermott, Green, and Jonsson were GSI employees who purchased the company in 1941. In November 1945, Patrick Haggerty was hired as general manager of the Laboratory and Manufacturing (L&M) division, which focused on electronic equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/lowbandwidthtimeline.shtml|title=About TI – History|website=www.ti.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629104411/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/lowbandwidthtimeline.shtml|archive-date=June 29, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> By 1951, the L&M division, with its defense contracts, was growing faster than GSI's geophysical division. The company was reorganized and initially renamed General Instruments Inc. Because a firm named [[General Instrument]] already existed, the company was renamed Texas Instruments that same year. From 1956 to 1961, [[Fred Agnich]] of Dallas, later a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]], was the Texas Instruments president. Geophysical Service, Inc. became a subsidiary of Texas Instruments. Early in 1988, most of GSI was sold to the [[Halliburton]] Company.

{{blockquote|Texas Instruments exists to create, make, and market useful products and services to satisfy the needs of its customers throughout the world.<ref name="Innovation">{{cite journal |title=The Corporation and Innovation |last=Haggerty |first=Patrick |journal=Strategic Management Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=97–118 |year=1981 |doi=10.1002/smj.4250020202 }}</ref>|Patrick Haggerty|Texas Instruments Statement of Purpose}}

===Geophysical Service Incorporated===
In 1930, [[J. Clarence Karcher]] and [[Eugene McDermott]] founded Geophysical Service, an early provider of [[reflection seismology|seismic exploration]] services to the petroleum industry. In 1939, the company reorganized as Coronado Corp,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/lowbandwidthtimeline.shtml| title = Coronado Corp.}}</ref> an oil company with Geophysical Service Inc (GSI), now as a subsidiary. On December 6, 1941, McDermott along with three other GSI employees, J. Erik Jonsson, Cecil H. Green, and H. B. Peacock purchased GSI. During World War II, GSI expanded its services to include [[electronics]] for the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], [[United States Army Signal Corps|Army Signal Corps]], and [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]. In 1951, the company changed its name to Texas Instruments, spun off to build seismographs for oil explorations<ref name="TIcalcsMedium">{{cite web |url=https://gen.medium.com/big-calculator-how-texas-instruments-monopolized-math-class-67ee165045dc |title=Big Calculator: How Texas Instruments Monopolized Math Class |access-date=September 26, 2019 }}</ref> and with GSI becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the new company.

An early success came for TI-GSI in 1965, when GSI was able (under a [[security clearance|Top Secret]] government contract) to monitor the [[Soviet Union]]'s underground [[nuclear weapon]]s [[nuclear testing|testing]] under the ocean in [[Vela Uniform]], a subset of [[Project Vela]], to verify compliance of the [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/gps/1960/docs/65-gsi-ti.htm |title=GSI/TI part of Vela Uniform project to detect underground nuclear explosions |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=September 23, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214827/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/gps/1960/docs/65-gsi-ti.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Texas Instruments also continued to manufacture equipment for use in the seismic industry, and GSI continued to provide seismic services.  After selling (and repurchasing) GSI, TI finally sold the company to Halliburton in 1988, after which sale GSI ceased to exist as a separate entity.

===Semiconductors===
In early 1952, Texas Instruments purchased a patent license to produce germanium transistors from [[Western Electric]], the manufacturing arm of AT&T, for US$25,000, beginning production by the end of the year. Haggerty brought [[Gordon Teal]] to the company due to his expertise in growing semiconductor crystals while at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]. Teal's first assignment was to direct TI's research laboratory. At the end of 1952, Texas Instruments announced that it had expanded to 2,000 employees and $17&nbsp;million in sales.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Electronics and the geography of innovation in post-war America|last1=Leslie|first1=Stuart W.|last2=Kargon|first2=Robert H.|journal=[[History and Technology]]|date=1994|volume=11|issue=2|page=223|doi=10.1080/07341519408581864}}</ref>

Among his new hires was [[Willis Adcock]], who joined TI early in 1953. Adcock, who like Teal was a [[physical chemist]], began leading a small research group focused on the task of fabricating grown-junction, [[silicon]], single-crystal, small-signal transistors.<ref name="transistor">{{Cite magazine |first=Michael |last=Riordan |date=30 April 2004 |title=The Lost History of the Transistor |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-lost-history-of-the-transistor |magazine=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |pages=48–49}}</ref> Adcock later became the first TI Principal Fellow.<ref name="Tribute">[http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/key/1990/images/65012-1.pdf "A Tribute to Erik Jonsson"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109193529/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/key/1990/images/65012-1.pdf |date=November 9, 2006 }} (PDF). p. 4. Retrieved on April 19, 2012.</ref>

====First silicon transistor and integrated circuits====
[[File:KL TI SN5451 Logic IC.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Transistorized "[[transistor-transistor logic|logic]]" chip, an integrated circuit produced by TI]]

In January 1954, [[Morris Tanenbaum]] at Bell Telephone Laboratories created the first workable silicon transistor.<ref name="transistor"/> This work was reported in the spring of 1954, at the IRE off-the-record conference on solid-state devices, and was later published in the ''Journal of Applied Physics''. Working independently in April 1954, Gordon Teal at TI created the first commercial silicon transistor and tested it on April 14, 1954. On May 10, 1954, at the Institute of Radio Engineers National Conference on Airborne Electronics in Dayton, Ohio, Teal presented a paper: "Some Recent Developments in Silicon and Germanium Materials and Devices".<ref>[http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/may04/3992 "Some Recent Developments in Silicon and Germanium Materials and Devices"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409173015/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/may04/3992 |date=April 9, 2008 }}. ''[[IEEE Spectrum]]''. Retrieved on April 19, 2012.</ref>

In 1954, Texas Instruments designed and manufactured the first [[transistor radio]]. The [[Regency TR-1]] used germanium transistors, as silicon transistors were much more expensive at the time. This was an effort by Haggerty to increase market demand for transistors.

[[Jack Kilby]], an employee at TI, invented the [[integrated circuit]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-Kilby |title=Jack Kilby |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=Online |access-date=August 7, 2022}}</ref> Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, and successfully demonstrated the world's first working integrated circuit on September 12, 1958.<ref>[http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml "The Chip that Jack Built"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501073820/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |date=May 1, 2015 }} (c. 2008; HTML), Texas Instruments, accessed May 29, 2008.</ref> Six months later, [[Robert Noyce]] of [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] (who went on to co-found [[Intel]]) independently developed the integrated circuit with integrated interconnect, and is also considered an inventor of the integrated circuit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-14|title=Robert Noyce|url=https://ethw.org/Robert_Noyce|access-date=2022-09-23|website=ETHW|language=en|archive-date=December 20, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220111313/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Robert_Noyce|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1969, Kilby was awarded the National Medal of Science, and in 1982 he was inducted into the National Inventor's Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/lowbandwidthtimeline.shtml|title=Texas Instruments – Low Bandwidth Timeline – Key TI Events|website=www.ti.com|access-date=2016-07-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803143130/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/lowbandwidthtimeline.shtml|archive-date=August 3, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Kilby also won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit.<ref>Nobel Web AB, (October 10, 2000),[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/press.html ''The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215065210/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/press.html |date=December 15, 2010 }},
Retrieved on May 29, 2008</ref> Noyce's chip, made at Fairchild, was made of silicon, while Kilby's chip was made of [[germanium]].  In 2008, TI named its new development laboratory "Kilby Labs" after Jack Kilby.<ref>Kilby Labs Announcement [http://focus.ti.com/pr/docs/preldetail.tsp?sectionId=594&prelId=c08055 focus.ti.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917225342/http://focus.ti.com/pr/docs/preldetail.tsp?sectionId=594&prelId=c08055 |date=September 17, 2008 }}</ref>

====Standard TTL====
[[File:74series logic ic.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Texas Instruments and other brands of [[7400 series]] TTL and CMOS logic]]
[[File:TI SpeakSpell.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Texas Instruments Speak & Spell using a [[TMC0280]] speech synthesizer]]
[[File:Texas Instruments TI-30 electronic calculator.JPG|thumb|150px|right|[[TI-30]] electronic calculator, 1976]]

The [[7400 series]] of [[transistor-transistor logic]]  chips, developed by Texas Instruments in the 1960s, popularized the use of integrated circuits in computer logic. The military-grade version of this was the 5400 series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/|title=The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War {{!}} Computer History Museum|website=www.computerhistory.org|date=July 13, 2015 |access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721164146/http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-rise-of-ttl-how-fairchild-won-a-battle-but-lost-the-war/|archive-date=July 21, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

====Microprocessor====
Texas Instruments invented the hand-held [[calculator]] (a prototype called "[[Cal Tech (calculator)|Cal Tech]]") in 1967 and the single-chip [[microcomputer]] in 1971,  was assigned the first patent on a single-chip [[microprocessor]] (invented by Gary Boone) on September 4, 1973.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=3757306|title=United States Patent: 3757306 – COMPUTING SYSTEMS CPU|gdate=September 4, 1973|invent1=Boone|inventor1-first=Gary W.|url=https://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3,757,306.PN.&OS=PN/3,757,306&RS=PN/3,757,306}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311214759/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=3%2C757%2C306.PN.&OS=PN%2F3%2C757%2C306&RS=PN%2F3%2C757%2C306 |date=March 11, 2021 }}</ref> This was disputed by Gilbert Hyatt, formerly of the Micro Computer Company, in August 1990, when he was awarded a patent superseding TI's. This was overturned on June 19, 1996, in favor of TI<ref>{{Cite news|last=Markoff|first=John|date=1996-06-20|title=For Texas Instruments, Some Bragging Rights|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/20/business/for-texas-instruments-some-bragging-rights.html|access-date=2022-09-23|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> (note: [[Intel]] is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor).

====First speech synthesis chip====
In 1978, Texas Instruments introduced the first single-chip [[linear predictive coding]] [[speech synthesizer]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.datamath.org/Speech_IC.htm | work = Datamath Calculator Museum | title = Texas Instruments Speech – Integrated Circuits | access-date = September 7, 2008 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510152744/http://www.datamath.org/Speech_IC.htm | archive-date = May 10, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In 1976, TI began a feasibility study of memory-intensive applications for bubble memory then being developed. They soon focused on speech applications. This resulted in the development of the TMC0280 one-chip linear predictive coding  speech synthesizer, which was the first time a single silicon chip had electronically replicated the human voice.<ref name="TITimeLine">[http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/interactivetimeline.shtml TI web site history page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609012716/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/interactivetimeline.shtml |date=June 9, 2007 }},(c. 2008), (HTML), Texas Instruments, accessed September 6, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/speechsynthesis/ss_ti.htm “Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121151619/http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/speechsynthesis/ss_ti.htm |date=November 21, 2008 }}, accessed September 7, 2008</ref> This was used in several TI commercial products beginning with [[Speak & Spell (toy)|Speak & Spell]], which was introduced at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1978. In 2001, TI left the speech synthesis business, selling it to Sensory Inc. of Santa Clara, California.<ref name="TI will exit dedicated speech-synthesis chips, transfer products to Sensory">{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4102385/TI-will-exit-dedicated-speech-synthesis-chips-transfer-products-to-Sensory |title=TI will exit dedicated speech-synthesis chips, transfer products to Sensory |access-date=2016-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528014257/http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4102385/TI-will-exit-dedicated-speech-synthesis-chips-transfer-products-to-Sensory |archive-date=May 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all |date=June 14, 2001 |publisher=EE Times }}</ref>

===Consumer electronics and computers===
In May 1954, Texas Instruments designed and built a prototype of the world's first [[transistor radio]], and, through a partnership with Industrial Development Engineering Associates of Indianapolis, Indiana, the 100% solid-state radio was sold to the public beginning in October of that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/semicon/1950/docs/54regency.htm|title=Texas Instruments – 1954 Regency Radio debuts|website=www.ti.com|access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815135423/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/semicon/1950/docs/54regency.htm|archive-date=August 15, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In the 1960s, company president Pat Haggerty had a team that included Jack Kilby to work on a handheld calculator project. Kilby and two other colleagues created the Cal-Tech, a three-pound battery-powered calculator that could do basic math and fit six-digit numbers on its display. This 4.25 x 6.15 x 1.75 inch calculator's processor would originate the vast majority of Texas Instruments’ revenue.<ref name="TIcalcsMedium" />

In 1973, the handheld calculator SR-10 (named after [[slide rule]]) and in 1974, the handheld scientific calculator [[TI SR-50|SR-50]] were issued by TI. Both had red LED-segments numeric displays. The optical design of the SR-50 is somewhat similar to the [[HP-35]] edited by [[Hewlett-Packard]] before in early 1972, but buttons for the operations "+", "–", ... are in the right of the number block and the decimal point lies between two neighboring digits.

TI continued to be active in the consumer electronics market through the 1970s and 1980s. Early on, this also included two digital clock models – one for desk and the other a bedside alarm. From this sprang what became the Time Products Division, which made LED watches. Though these LED watches enjoyed early commercial success due to excellent quality, it was short-lived due to poor battery life. LEDs were replaced with LCD watches for a short time, but these could not compete because of styling issues, excessive makes and models, and price points. The watches were manufactured in [[Dallas]] and then [[Lubbock, Texas]]. Several spin-offs of the [[Speak & Spell (toy)|Speak & Spell]], such as the [[Speak & Read]] and [[Speak & Math]], were introduced soon thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/eps/1970/docs/78-speak-spell_introduced.htm|title=Texas Instruments – 1978 Speak & Spell introduced|website=www.ti.com|access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714182055/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/eps/1970/docs/78-speak-spell_introduced.htm|archive-date=July 14, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 1979, TI entered the [[home computer]] market with the [[TI-99/4A|TI-99/4]], a competitor to computers such as the [[Apple II]], [[TRS-80]], and the later [[Atari 8-bit computers|Atari 400/800]] and [[VIC-20]]. By late 1982, TI was dominating the U.S. home computer market, shipping 5,000 computers a day from their factory in Lubbock.<ref name="death_1984_04_texasmonthly">[https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/death-of-texas-instruments-home-computer/ "Death of a Computer,"] April 1984, ''[[Texas Monthly]],'' retrieved September 20, 2023</ref> It discontinued the [[TI-99/4A]] (1981), the sequel to the 99/4, in late 1983 amid an intense [[North American video game crash of 1983#A Savage Price War|price war]] waged primarily against Commodore. At the 1983 Winter CES, TI showed models 99/2 and the [[Compact Computer 40]], the latter aimed at professional users. The [[Texas Instruments Professional Portable Computer|TI Professional]] (1983) ultimately joined the ranks of the many unsuccessful [[MS-DOS]] and [[x86]]-based—but [[PC compatible#Compatibility issues|non-compatible]]<ref name="Inc.1984">{{cite journal|title=Sizing up the Professional|journal = PC Magazine: The Independent Guide to IBM-Standard Personal Computing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhoP0KRkQe4C&pg=PA242|date=6 March 1984|publisher=PC Magazine|pages=242–245|issn=0888-8507}}</ref>—competitors to the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] (the founders of [[Compaq]], an early leader in PC compatibles, all came from TI). The company for years successfully made and sold PC-compatible laptops before withdrawing from the market and selling its product line to [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/investor/compinfo/PRarchive/acer.shtml|title=TI IR – CI – AD – Acer Acquires Texas Instruments Mobile Computing Assets|website=www.ti.com|access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323184954/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/investor/compinfo/PRarchive/acer.shtml|archive-date=March 23, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Defense electronics===
[[File:Convair 240-1 N240HH Texas Inst Chino 05.10.90R edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|TI operated this [[Convair 240]] on experimental work in the 1980s fitted with a modified extended nose section.]]

TI entered the [[defense (military)|defense]] electronics market in 1942 with submarine detection equipment,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history.html#1940s |title=About TI – History – TI.com |access-date=July 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710173533/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history.html#1940s |archive-date=July 10, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> based on the seismic exploration technology previously developed for the oil industry. The division responsible for these products was known at different times as the Laboratory & Manufacturing Division, the Apparatus Division, the Equipment Group, and the Defense Systems & Electronics Group (DSEG).

During the early 1980s, TI instituted a quality program which included [[Joseph M. Juran|Juran]] training, as well as promoting [[statistical process control]], [[Taguchi methods]], and [[Design for Six Sigma]]. In the late 1980s, the company, along with [[Eastman Kodak]] and [[Allied Signal]], began involvement with [[Motorola]], institutionalizing Motorola's [[Six Sigma]] methodology.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-32080915.html |title= Implementing Six Sigma at GE |year= 1998 |last1= Hendricks |first1= C.A. |last2= Kelbaugh |first2= R |journal= The Journal of Quality and Participation |volume= 21 |issue= 4 |pages= 48–53 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221856/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-32080915.html |archive-date= July 14, 2014 |df= mdy-all |access-date= July 2, 2014 }}</ref> Motorola, which originally developed the Six Sigma methodology, began this work in 1982. In 1992, the DSEG division<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/key/1990/docs/1992baldridgeaward.htm |title=Texas Instruments – 1992 Macolm Baldrige Award |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703014427/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/key/1990/docs/1992baldridgeaward.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of Texas Instruments' quality-improvement efforts were rewarded by winning the [[Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award]] for manufacturing.

====Infrared and radar systems====

TI developed the AAA-4 [[infrared search and track]] device in the late 1950s and early 1960s for the [[F-4B Phantom]]{{sfn|Sweetman|Bonds|1987|p=526}} for passive scanning of jet-engine emissions, but it possessed limited capabilities and was eliminated on F-4Ds and later models.{{sfn|Sweetman|Bonds|1987|p=552}}

In 1956, TI began research on [[infrared]] technology that led to several line scanner contracts and with the addition of a second scan mirror the invention of the first [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) in 1963 with production beginning in 1966. In 1972, TI invented the common module FLIR<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1970/docs/72-common-module.htm |title=Texas Instruments – 1972 Common module FLIR developed |access-date=July 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311022517/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1970/docs/72-common-module.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> concept, greatly reducing cost and allowing reuse of common components.

TI went on to produce side-looking radar systems, the first [[terrain following radar|terrain-following radar]] and surveillance radar systems for both the military and FAA. TI demonstrated the first solid-state radar called Molecular Electronics for Radar Applications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1960/docs/66-mera.htm |title=Texas Instruments – 1966 MERA program begins |access-date=July 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311022236/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1960/docs/66-mera.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1976, TI developed a [[microwave landing system]] prototype. In 1984, TI developed the first [[inverse synthetic aperture radar]]. The first single-chip [[gallium arsenide]] radar module was developed. In 1991, the military microwave integrated circuit<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1990/docs/91-raytheon_microwave.htm |title=Texas Instruments – 1991 TI/Raytheon MIMIC program begins |access-date=July 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311022430/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/defense/1990/docs/91-raytheon_microwave.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> program was initiated—a joint effort with Raytheon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIMIC Program |url=https://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/mimic-program}}</ref>

====Missiles and laser-guided bombs====

In 1961, TI won the guidance and control system contract for the defense suppression [[AGM-45 Shrike]] [[antiradiation missile]]. This led later to the prime on the [[AGM-88 HARM|high-speed antiradiation missile]] (AGM-88 HARM) development contract in 1974 and production in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raytheon AGM-88 HARM |url=https://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-88.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=www.designation-systems.net}}</ref>

In 1964, TI began development of the first laser guidance system for [[precision-guided munition]]s, leading to the [[Paveway]] series of [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs). The first LGB was the [[BOLT-117]].<ref name="usaf-bolt117">{{cite web |title=Texas Instruments BOLT-117 Laser Guided Bomb |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196016/texas-instruments-bolt-117-laser-guided-bomb/ |website=National Museum of the United States Air Force |publisher=United States Air Force |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

In 1969, TI won the Harpoon (missile) Seeker contract. In 1986, TI won the Army [[FGM-148 Javelin]] [[fire-and-forget]] man portable antitank guided missile in a joint venture with [[Martin Marietta]]. In 1991, TI was awarded the contract for the [[AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raytheon AGM-154 JSOW |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-154.html |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.designation-systems.net}}</ref>

In 1988, TI paid the U.S. government $5.2 million "to settle allegations one of its divisions overcharged the government on contracts for guided missiles sold to the [[United States Navy|Navy]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Instruments Pays U.S. $5.2 Million for Overcharges |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/Pre_96/August94/447.txt.html |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=www.justice.gov}}</ref>

====Military computers====
{{See also|Military computers}}

Because of TI's research and development of military temperature-range silicon transistors and integrated circuits (ICs), TI won contracts for the first IC-based computer for the U.S. Air Force in 1961 (molecular electronic computer)<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102646283|title=Molecular Electronic Computer brochure {{!}} 102646283 {{!}} Computer History Museum|year=1961 |publisher=Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) |language=en|access-date=2018-03-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042854/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102646283|archive-date=March 14, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and for ICs for the [[Minuteman Missile]] the following year. In 1968, TI developed the data systems for [[Mariner Program]]. In 1991 TI won the F-22 Radar and Computer development contract.

====Divestiture to Raytheon====

As the defense industry consolidated, TI sold its defense business to the [[Raytheon Company]] in 1997 for $2.95 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texas Instruments agrees to sell defense operations for $2.95 billion |url=https://apnews.com/article/8098c805f936cc048495b50b9f31f68a |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> [[United States Department of Justice|The Department of Justice]] required that Raytheon divest the TI [[Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit]] (MMIC) operations after closing the transaction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_July_2/ai_19556280 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710173652/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1997_July_2/ai_19556280 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 10, 2012 |title=Raytheon announces Justice Department approval of Texas Instruments acquisition |date=July 2, 1997 |work=Business Wire }}</ref> The TI MMIC business accounted for less than $40 million in 1996 revenues, or roughly 2% of the $1.8 billion in total TI defense revenues, and was sold to [[TriQuint Semiconductor]], Inc. Raytheon retained its own existing [[MMIC]] capabilities and has the right to license TI's MMIC technology for use in future product applications from TriQuint.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1998_Jan_9/ai_20124279 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707231044/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1998_Jan_9/ai_20124279 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |title=Raytheon Company Announces Sale of MMIC Operations Acquired from Texas Instruments |date=January 9, 1998 |work=Business Wire }}</ref>

Shortly after Raytheon acquired TI DSEG, Raytheon then acquired [[Hughes Aircraft]] from [[General Motors]]. Raytheon then owned TI's [[mercury cadmium telluride]] detector business and [[infrared]] (IR) systems group. In California, it also had Hughes infrared detector and an IR systems business. When again the US government forced Raytheon to divest itself of a duplicate capability, the company kept the TI IR systems business and the Hughes detector business. As a result of these acquisitions, these former arch rivals of TI systems and Hughes detectors work together.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why the IR detectormarket is in flux|date=October 28, 2008|url=https://www.laserfocusworld.com/display_article/43028/12/none/none/Dept/Why-the-IR-detectormarket-is-in-flux|access-date=2022-09-23|website=www.laserfocusworld.com|archive-date=September 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916072203/https://www.laserfocusworld.com/display_article/43028/12/none/none/Dept/Why-the-IR-detectormarket-is-in-flux|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Immediately after acquisition, DSEG was known as Raytheon TI Systems (RTIS).<ref>[http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/redirect/raytheon.htm Raytheon TI Systems{{snd}} important information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109194345/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/redirect/raytheon.htm |date=November 9, 2006 }}. Ti.com. Retrieved on April 19, 2012.</ref> It is now fully integrated into Raytheon and this designation no longer exists.

===Artificial intelligence===
TI was active in the area of [[artificial intelligence]] in the 1980s. In addition to ongoing developments in speech and signal processing and recognition, it developed and sold the [[TI Explorer|Explorer]] computer family of [[Lisp machine]]s. For the Explorer, a special 32-bit Lisp microprocessor was developed, which was used in the Explorer II and the TI MicroExplorer (a Lisp Machine on a [[NuBus]] board for the Apple [[Macintosh]]). AI application software developed by TI for the Explorer included the gate assignment system for Northwest Airlines and United Airlines, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-07-fi-1112-story.html described as]  "an artificial intelligence program that captures the combined experience and knowledge of a half-dozen United operations experts."  In software for the PC, they introduced "Personal Consultant", a rule-based [[expert system]] development tool and runtime engine, followed by "Personal Consultant Plus" written in the Lisp-like language from MIT known as [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]], and the natural language menu system NLMenu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ti.com.cn/sc/docs/watson.htm|title=Texas Instruments|website=www.ti.com.cn|access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817012717/http://www.ti.com.cn/sc/docs/watson.htm|archive-date=August 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Sensors and controls===
TI was a major [[Original equipment manufacturer|original-equipment manufacturer]] of [[sensor]], control, protection, and [[RFID]] products for the automotive, appliance, aircraft, and other industries. The Sensors & Controls division was headquartered in [[Attleboro, Massachusetts]].

By the mid-1980s, industrial computers known as PLC's (programmable logic controllers) were separated from Sensors & Controls as the Industrial Systems Division, which was sold in the early 1990s to Siemens.

In 2006, [[Bain Capital LLC]], a private equity firm, purchased the Sensors & Controls division for $3.0 billion in cash.<ref>
{{cite press release
 |publisher   = Texas Instruments
 |date        = January 9, 2006
 |title       = Bain Capital to Purchase Sensors & Controls Business of Texas Instruments for $3 Billion
 |url         = http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/press/company/2006/c06001.shtml
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20060111193914/http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/press/company/2006/c06001.shtml
 |archive-date = January 11, 2006
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>  The RFID portion of the division remained part of TI, transferring to the Application Specific Products business unit of the Semiconductor division, with the newly formed independent company based in Attleboro taking the name Sensata Technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://investors.sensata.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=210277&p=irol-historycomp|title=Sensata Technologies, Inc. – Press Room – History of Our Company|website=investors.sensata.com|access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140602034847/http://investors.sensata.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=210277&p=irol-historycomp|archive-date=June 2, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Software===
<!-- This section is linked from [[Texas Instruments Software]] -->
In 1997, TI sold its software division, along with its main products such as the [[CA Gen]], to [[Sterling Software]], which is now part of [[Computer Associates]]. However, TI still owns small pieces of software, such as the software for calculators such as the  [[TI Interactive!]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://education.ti.com/en/ee/products/accessories-and-computer-software/ti-interactive/features/features-summary|title=TI InterActive!™ – Features Summary Texas Instruments – Eastern Europe|website=education.ti.com|access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815144639/https://education.ti.com/en/ee/products/accessories-and-computer-software/ti-interactive/features/features-summary|archive-date=August 15, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> TI also creates a significant amount of target software for its digital signal processors, along with host-based tools for creating DSP applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/processors/dsp/tools_software.page|title=DSP {{!}} Tools & Software {{!}} Processors {{!}} TI.com|website=www.ti.com|access-date=2016-07-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721025926/http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/processors/dsp/tools_software.page|archive-date=July 21, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>