Editing Temporal power of the Holy See (section)

== Origins ==
{{Main|Papal States}}
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Innozenz3.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Innocent III]] (1198–1216) in his papal tiara, which he claimed as signifying both his spiritual and (indirect)<ref>Pope Innocent III. Epistolæ, IV, 17, 13. "We do not exercise any temporal jurisdiction except indirectly". From: Jarrett, B. (1911). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11452a.htm Papal Arbitration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730153544/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11452a.htm |date=30 July 2022 }}. In the Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</ref> temporal power.]][[File:Coelestin V.jpg|thumb|Papal coronation of [[Pope Celestine V]]]]

===Patrimony of Saint Peter===
The [[Lateran Palace]] was the first significant acquisition of the Holy See, most probably a gift from [[Constantine the Great]]. The example of Constantine was followed by wealthy families of the Roman nobility,<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14257a.htm Schnürer, Gustav. "States of the Church." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 29 December 2022 {{PD-notice}}</ref> and the residences and estates that were acquired in turn were designated the ''[[Patrimony of Saint Peter|Patrimonium Sancti Petri]].'' After the [[Deposition of Romulus Augustus|deposition]] of the last Roman emperor in the West in 476, the popes were subjects, first of Odoacer, then [[Arianism|Arian]] [[Ostrogoths|Ostrogothic]] kings, then of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperors, who ruled their Italian territories via a governor called an ''[[Exarchate of Ravenna|exarch]],'' stationed in Ravenna''.''

[[Pope Gregory II]]'s defiance of the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Leo III the Isaurian]] as a result of the first [[iconoclastic controversy]] (726 AD) in the [[Byzantine Empire]], widened the growing divergence between the Byzantine and Carolingian traditions in what was still a unified European Church. This, combined with [[Kingdom of the Lombards|Lombard]] military pressure to which the embattled empire could not respond effectively, eventually led to the establishment of the temporal power of the popes. The [[Duchy of Rome]] was an imperial territory under the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]]. With the waning of Byzantine control in the Italian peninsula, more of the management of the area fell to the popes.

===Donation of Pepin===
In 751 the Exarchate of Ravenna fell to Lombard King [[Aistulf]]. Five years later, [[Pepin the Short]] of the Franks defeated the Lombards and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as territory ceded by the Lombards to the Papacy in what is referred to as the [[Donation of Pepin]], marking the true beginning of the Papal States. The area conferred upon the pope included the territory belonging to Ravenna, even cities such as [[Forlì]] with their hinterlands, the Lombard conquests in the [[Romagna]] and in the [[Duchy of Spoleto]] and [[Benevento]], and the [[Pentapolis]] (the "five cities" of [[Rimini]], [[Pesaro]], [[Fano]], [[Senigallia]] and [[Ancona]]). [[Narni]] and [[Ceccano]] were former papal territories.<ref>Noble, Thomas F. X., ''The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State'', 1984, .p. 93</ref> However, the medieval Popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty over these extensive and mountainous territories, given the recalcitrance of their vassals.

For over a thousand years popes ruled as [[Sovereignty|sovereign]] over an amalgam of territories on the [[Italian peninsula]] known as the [[Papal States]], from the capital, [[Rome]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Papal States {{!}} historical region, Italy {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Papal-States|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In 1274 the [[Comtat Venaissin]] came under Papal control, followed by [[Avignon]] in 1348.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avignon papacy {{!}} Summary, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Avignon-papacy|access-date=2021-11-14|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>