Editing Temple Newsam (section)

==History==

=== 1066 to 1520 ===

In the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' of 1086 the manor is listed as ''Neuhusam'' (meaning new houses) and was [[Feudal land tenure in England|held]] by [[De Lacy#Ilbert de Lacy|Ilbert de Lacy]] and his sons.<ref name=":5">{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|pages=13}}</ref> Before the [[Norman Conquest]] of 1066 it had been held by Dunstan and Glunier, [[Anglo-Saxon]] [[thanes]].<ref name=":5" /> In about 1155, [[Henry de Lacy]] gave it to the [[Knights Templar]], who built [[Temple Newsam Preceptory]] on a site near the present house.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheater|first=William|title=Temple Newsam: its history and antiquities|publisher=A. Mann, Leeds|year=1868|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f74HAAAAQAAJ&q=Preceptory&pg=PA19|pages=7–8}}</ref> The Templars farmed the estate very efficiently, with 1,100 animals.<ref name=":6">{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|pages=14}}</ref> In 1307 the Templars were suppressed, and [[Edward II]] granted the manor to Sir [[Robert Holland, 1st Baron Holand|Robert Holland]] who held it until 1323 when he was deprived of his estates.<ref name=":6" /> The [[Knights Hospitaller]] tried to acquire the estate but they were forced to surrender and in 1327 it was granted to [[Mary de St Pol]], the Countess of Pembroke, who held the manor for 50 years.<ref name=":6" /> In 1377 by royal [[decree]] the estate reverted to [[Philip Darcy, 4th Baron Darcy de Knayth]] (1341–1398).<ref name=":6" />  It then passed through several members of the Darcy family, until it was inherited by the 21-year old [[Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy]] in 1488.<ref name=":8">{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|pages=15}}</ref> Between 1500 and 1520 a Tudor [[manor house]], known as ''Temple Newsam House'', was built on the site.<ref name="guide">{{cite book | title =Temple Newsam: House Guide | publisher =[[Leeds City Council]] }}</ref> It has also been spelled "Newsham" in the past.<ref>
{{cite web | url = http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/WRY/Whitkirk/Whitkirk68.html | title = Whitkirk: Geographical and Historical information from the year 1868 | publisher = [[GENUKI]] | access-date = 28 October 2007}} Transcribed from ''The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland 1868''</ref>[[File:Hans Eworth Henry Stuart Lord Darnley and Lord Charles Stuart.jpg|alt=An oil on panel painting by Hans Eworth of Henry Stuart and his brother Charles Stuart in a grand interior based on a print by Hans Vreedman de Vries|thumb|An oil on panel painting from 1563 by [[Hans Eworth]] of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and his brother Charles Stuart in a grand interior based on a print by [[Hans Vredeman de Vries]] which may reflect Temple Newsam's Great Chamber]]

=== 1500 to 1650 ===
In 1537 Thomas, Lord Darcy was executed for the part he played in the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] and the property was seized by the Crown.<ref name=":8" /> In 1544 [[Henry VIII]] gave it to his niece Lady [[Margaret Douglas]] (Countess of Lennox), and she lived there with her husband [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox]].<ref name=":8" /> Their son [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]], who was born in the house in 1545 and educated there, married [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], by whom he was the father of King [[James VI of Scotland and I of England]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bingham|first=Caroline|title=Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots|publisher=Constable|year=1995|pages=38}}</ref> A portrait of Henry and his brother was probably intended to represent the interior of Temple Newsam despite being based on a print of an ideal interior.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catalogue 53: 3 HENRY STEWART, Lord Darnley, and his brother, CHARLES STEWART, Earl of Lennox|url=http://www.hanseworth.com/HECatalogue53.pdf|access-date=25 October 2020|website=Hans Eworth & the London Stranger Painters|archive-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207184251/http://hanseworth.com/HECatalogue53.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the marriage in 1565, Temple Newsam was seized by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] and was managed by an agent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|pages=17}}</ref>

In 1609 King James I, successor to Elizabeth, granted the estate to his Franco-Scottish second cousin [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox]] (1574–1624), who was a favourite of the King and given many titles and estates, including farmland and [[Coal mining|coalmines]] in the local area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen & Sword History|year=2017|pages=40}}</ref> Despite his opportunities, Ludovic was in constant debt and he mortgaged the estate in 1614 for the sum of £9,000 (around £860,000 in today's money).<ref name=":9">{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen & Sword History|year=2017|pages=42}}</ref> In 1622 Lennox began the sale of the estate to [[Sir Arthur Ingram]] ({{circa|1565}} – 1642), a Yorkshire-born London [[merchant]], [[civil servant]], investor in [[Colonialism|colonial]] ventures and [[arms dealer]], for £12,000, which he paid in two instalments, the last in July 1624, after Lennox's death.<ref name=":9" /> During the next 20 years the mansion was rebuilt, incorporating some of the previous house in the west wing.<ref name="guide" /> The north and south wings were rebuilt and the east wing was demolished after a bad fire in 1635.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen & Sword History|year=2017|pages=43}}</ref> Arthur's son, also called Arthur, inherited the estate with its debts and continued the building and renovation work.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen & Sword History|year=2017|pages=51}}</ref>  Six months after [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] was beheaded in 1649, Arthur Ingram the younger was declared [[Committee for Compounding with Delinquents|delinquent]] and he compounded his estates and retired to Temple Newsam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|pages=26}}</ref>

=== 1650 to 1900 ===
After the death of Arthur the younger's eldest son, Thomas, in 1660, Temple Newsam was inherited by Arthur's second son, [[Henry Ingram, 1st Viscount of Irvine]] (created a [[peer of Scotland]] as Baron Ingram and [[Viscount of Irvine]] in 1661 – although the family used the English form "Irwin").<ref name=":13">{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|page=28}}</ref> In 1661, Henry married Lady Essex Montagu, daughter of [[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester]], a favourite of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]].<ref name=":13" /> The estate then passed through Henry's two sons and five grandsons, the last being [[Henry Ingram, 7th Viscount of Irvine]].<ref name=":13" /> The 4th Viscount brought back paintings from his [[Grand Tour]] of 1704–07.<ref name=":23">{{cite web|last=Holroyd|first=Julie|date=18 June 2020|title=Behind the Picture Gallery at Temple Newsam|url=https://museumsandgalleries.leeds.gov.uk/collections/behind-the-picture-gallery-at-temple-newsam/|access-date=6 November 2021|website=museumsandgalleries.leeds.gov.uk}}</ref> Extant receipts from 1692 show women as well as men were employed to work the estate in haymaking.<ref name=":21">{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen & Sword|year=2017|pages=87–88}}</ref> In 1712, [[William Etty (architect)|William Etty]] designed a new approach to the house, with a bridge and ponds.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|pages=46}}</ref> In 1714, Temple Newsam was inherited by [[Rich Ingram, 5th Viscount of Irvine]], and his wife [[Anne Ingram, Viscountess Irvine|Anne]] who spent a vast fortune furnishing the house and creating the East Avenue.<ref name=":23" /> Between 1738 and 1746, [[Henry Ingram, 7th Viscount of Irvine]] remodelled the west and north wings of the house, creating new bedrooms and dressing rooms and the picture gallery.<ref name=":14" /> A painting in [[Leeds Art Gallery]] by [[Philippe Mercier]] of {{circa|1745}} shows Henry and his wife standing in front of Temple Newsam House.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henry Ingram, 7th Viscount Irwin (1691–1761), and His Wife Anne (c.1699–1766)|url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/henry-ingram-7th-viscount-irwin-16911761-and-his-wife-anne-c-16991766-37571/view_as/grid/search/makers:philippe-mercier-16891760/page/1|access-date=18 July 2021|website=Art UK|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718093806/https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/henry-ingram-7th-viscount-irwin-16911761-and-his-wife-anne-c-16991766-37571/view_as/grid/search/makers:philippe-mercier-16891760/page/1|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Temple Newsam Kip.jpg|alt=A coloured engraving made in 1699 by J Kip after a drawing by Leonard Knyff showing an aerial view of the house and estate at Temple Newsam|thumb|1699 Engraving by [[Jan Kip]] after a drawing by [[Leonard Knyff]]]]In the 1760s, [[Charles Ingram, 9th Viscount of Irvine]], employed [[Capability Brown]] to re-landscape the park on the insistence of his wife, [[Frances Gibson Shepheard Ingram|Frances Shepheard]], daughter of [[Samuel Shepheard (died 1748)|Samuel Shepheard]].<ref name=":17">{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2017|pages=57}}</ref> Reflecting her interest in pastoral landscape design, Frances is depicted as a shepherdess in a portrait by [[Benjamin Wilson (painter)|Benjamin Wilson]] at Temple Newsam.<ref name=":17" /> Both Frances and Charles were actively involved in the design and implementation.<ref name=":18">{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2017|pages=61–62}}</ref> Some aspects of Brown's plan depicted in paintings by James Chapman and [[Michael Angelo Rooker]] were never completed such as a large lake near the house.<ref name=":18" /> Extant financial records show that in 1759 women as well as men were employed as garden labourers.<ref name=":21" /> After Charles died in 1778, Frances rebuilt the south wing in 1796; she lived at Temple Newsam until her death in 1807.<ref name=":15" />

Charles and Frances's eldest daughter [[Isabella Seymour-Conway, Marchioness of Hertford|Isabella Ingram]], (later Marchioness of Hertford) (d.1834) who inherited Temple Newsam, was the mistress of the [[Prince of Wales]] (later King [[George IV]]) from 1806 to 1819. In 1806, George visited Temple Newsam and presented Isabella with Chinese [[wallpaper]], which she hung in the small Drawing Room next to the Great Hall in around 1820, embellished with cut out birds from Audubon's ''[[The Birds of America]]'' (now worth £7.5&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2017|pages=70}}</ref> Lady Hertford inherited the house in 1807; after her husband died in 1822 she spent the season in London, and the rest of the time at Temple Newsam where she involved herself in charitable works including distributing food and clothing to the local people.<ref name=":19">{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen & Sword|year=2017|pages=81–82}}</ref> She allowed the servants to hold an annual supper and ball at Temple Newsam.<ref name=":19" /> Reports of poachers were made during 1826 and 1827.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen & Sword|year=2017|pages=92–93}}</ref> During the last years of Isabella's life, the canal, railway and roads encroached on the estate as well as coal mining; and she dealt with the companies setting these up.<ref name=":19" /> In 1820 the novelist Sir [[Walter Scott]] published ''[[Ivanhoe]]'' featuring a [[Templar]] preceptory named Temple Stowe, believed to have been modelled on Temple Newsam; the name is preserved in local road names such as Templestowe Crescent.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|title=On the trail of the Templars|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2005/04/07/local_history_knights_templar_trail_feature.shtml|website=Leeds: Local history|publisher=BBC|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623191340/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2005/04/07/local_history_knights_templar_trail_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> At her death in 1834, Isabella left Temple Newsam to her widowed sister, Frances Ingram Shepheard, wife of [[Lord William Gordon]], who died in 1841.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|pages=33}}</ref>[[File:Temple Newsam, Morris edited.jpg|thumb|right|Temple Newsam House from Morris's ''Country Seats'' (1880)]]In 1841 the estate was inherited by Hugo Charles Meynell Ingram (d. 1869), son of Elizabeth Ingram, sister of Frances Ingram (Lady Gordon), who made no alterations to the estate.<ref name=":20">{{cite book|title=Temple Newsam House|publisher=The Libraries & Arts Committee of the Leeds Corporation|year=1951|pages=35}}</ref> In 1868, the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]] stayed at Temple Newsam during his visit to Leeds to open the Fine Art Exhibition in the New [[Leeds General Infirmary]]; temporary triumphal arches were erected on the estate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam|publisher=Pen & Sword|year=2017|pages=105–106}}</ref> Following Hugo Charles's death, his son [[Hugo Meynell-Ingram]] (d.1871) inherited Temple Newsam; two years later, at his death, his wife [[Emily Meynell-Ingram]] (d.1904) inherited the estate.<ref name=":20" /> Emily spent a large part of her widowhood at Temple Newsam; she developed it considerably by replacing the sash windows and remodelling the dining room, great staircase and Lord Darnley's room.<ref name=":20" /> Emily bequeathed Temple Newsam to her nephew [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]].<ref name=guide/>

=== 20th century ===
In 1909, {{convert|610|acre|ha}} of the estate at Knostrop were compulsorily purchased by [[Leeds Corporation]] to build a [[sewage plant]].<ref name=":0" /> During the First World War (1914–17) the south wing of the house was turned into a hospital by Edward Wood and his wife [[Dorothy Wood, Countess of Halifax|Dorothy]]. Edward Wood fought in France as part of the [[Yorkshire Hussars]], whilst Dorothy oversaw the running of the hospital as part of the Mayors War Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mylearning.org/stories/life-in-ww1-country-house-hospitals/832|title=Temple Newsam: A Country House Hospital • Life in WW1 Country House Hospitals • MyLearning|website=www.mylearning.org|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131155450/https://www.mylearning.org/stories/life-in-ww1-country-house-hospitals/832|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1922 Edward Wood sold the park and house to Leeds Corporation for a nominal sum, placing [[Covenant (law)|covenants]] over them to ensure their preservation for the future.<ref name=":0">''Temple Newsam: Country House Estate Trail.'' (2007) Leeds City Council.</ref> An offer to purchase the contents for a reduced sum was turned down by the council, resulting in most being sold in 1922.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historichouses.org/house/temple-newsam-house/history/ |website=Historic Houses |access-date=15 April 2025 |title=Temple Newsam House }}</ref>

On 19 October 1923, Temple Newsam was opened to the public along with a golf course.<ref name=":7">{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steve|title=Tales from the Big House: Temple Newsam: The Hampton Court of the North|publisher=Pen & Sword History|year=2017|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32HNDwAAQBAJ&q=Hampton+Court&pg=PT182|chapter=A Peoples House|isbn=9781473893375}}</ref> In the ''[[Derby Daily Telegraph]]'' newspaper, Temple Newsam was compared to [[Hampton Court Palace]].<ref name=":7" /> Despite many people visiting the house and using the golf course, the Corporation lost money during the first decade mostly due to poor farming practices.<ref name=":7" /> In July 1932, the [[Great Yorkshire Show]] was held at Temple Newsam and was a great success.<ref name=":7" /> Preparations for war were made as early as April 1939, and in August, small items were being packed up for storage.<ref name=":7" /> In September 1939, Temple Newsam was closed to the public and items were moved there for storage from [[Leeds Art Gallery]].<ref name=":7" /> It was decided that objects would be displayed, and the house was officially reopened in November 1939, when it was again likened to Hampton Court in the press.<ref name=":7" />