Editing Tatars (section)

==Etymology==
{{Further|Tatarstan|Tartary}}
[[File:Gok turk Epigraph Copy in Gazi University Ankara.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Orkhon inscriptions]] in [[Old Turkic]] (replica)]]
[[File:Szigetvar 1566.jpg|thumb|Ottoman miniature of the 1566 [[Siege of Szigetvár|Szigetvár campaign]] showing Ottoman troops and [[Crimean Tatars]] as vanguard]]

''Tatar'' became a name for populations of the former [[Golden Horde]] in Europe, such as those of the former [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]], [[Crimean Khanate|Crimean]], [[Astrakhan Khanate|Astrakhan]], [[Qasim Khanate|Qasim]], and [[Khanate of Sibir|Siberian]] Khanates. The form ''Tartar'' has its origins in either [[Latin]] or [[French language|French]], coming to Western European languages from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and the [[Persian language|Persian]] ({{lang|fa-Latn|tātār}}, "mounted messenger"). From the beginning, the extra ''r'' was present in the Western forms and according to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] this was most likely due to an association with ''[[Tartarus]]''.{{efn|citing a letter to St Louis of Frances dated 1270 which makes the connection explicit, "In the present danger of the Tartars either we shall push them back into the Tartarus whence they are come, or they will bring us all into heaven."<ref name= Wedgwood/>}}<ref name= Wedgwood>{{cite journal |last= Wedgwood |first= Hensleigh |author-link= Hensleigh Wedgwood |title= On False Etymologies |journal=[[Transactions of the Philological Society]] |issue=6 |page=72 |year= 1855 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=82}}</ref>

The Persian word is first recorded in the 13th century in reference to the hordes of [[Genghis Khan]] and is of unknown origin; according to the Oxford English Dictionary it is "said to be" ultimately from ''tata''. The [[Arabic]] word for Tatars is {{lang|ar|تتار}}. Tatars themselves wrote their name as {{lang|tt-Arab|تاتار}} or {{lang|tt-Arab|طاطار}}.

Ochir (2016) states that [[Siberian Tatars]] and the Tatars living in the territories between Asia and Europe are of Turkic origin, acquired the appellation Tatar later, and do not possess ancestral connection to the Mongolic [[Tatar confederation|Nine Tatars]], whose ethnogenesis involved Mongolic people as well as Mongolized Turks who had been ruling over them during the 6–8th centuries.<ref name= Ochir>{{cite book |author=Очир А. |url= http://kigiran.com/sites/default/files/ochir_mongolskie_etnonimy.pdf|script-title=ru:Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов |date=2016 |publisher=КИГИ РАН |isbn=978-5-903833-93-1 |location=Элиста }} quote (p. 160-161): "Ныне татарами называют этнические группы, имеющие монгольское и тюркское происхождение. Из них так называемые «девять татар» приняли участие в этнокультурном развитии монголов. Татары эти, как племя, сформировались, видимо, в период существования на территории Монголии Тюркского каганата (VI–VIII вв.); помимо монгольского компонента, в процессе этногенеза приняли участие и тюркские, о чем свидетельствует этнический состав татар. В этот период монголами управляли тюрки, которые со временем омонголились. [...] Что же касается сибирских татар и татар, проживающих на территории между Азией и Европой, то они являются выходцами из тюрок. Название татар они получили позднее и не имеют родовой связи с монгольскими («девятью татарами». — А.О.) татарами."</ref> Pow (2019) proposes that Turkic-speaking peoples of [[Cumania]], as a sign of political allegiance, adopted the endonym ''Tatar'' of their Mongol conquerors, before ultimately subsuming the latter culturally and linguistically.<ref name= Pow>{{ cite journal
| last = Pow | first = Stephen | year=2019
| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336135124 
| title='Nationes que se Tartaros appellant': An Exploration of the Historical Problem of the Usage of the Ethnonyms Tatar and Mongol in Medieval Sources
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720060624/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336135124_Nationes_que_se_Tartaros_appellant_An_Exploration_of_the_Historical_Problem_of_the_Usage_of_the_Ethnonyms_Tatar_and_Mongol_in_Medieval_Sources 
|archive-date=2021-07-20
| journal=Golden Horde Review
| volume= 7 
| issue = 3
| pages = 545–567
| doi = 10.22378/2313-6197.2019-7-3.545-567
| doi-access=free
}}
quote (p 563): "Regarding the Volga Tatar people of today, it appears they took on the endonym of their Mongol conquerors when they overran the Dasht-i-Kipchak. It was preserved as the prevailing ethnonym in the subsequent synthesis of the Mongols and their more numerous Turkic subjects who ultimately subsumed their conquerors culturally and linguistically as al-Umari noted by the fourteenth century [32, p. 141]. I argue that the name 'Tatar' was adopted by the Turkic peoples in the region as a sign of having joined the Tatar conquerors – a practice which Friar Julian reported in the 1230s as the conquest unfolded. The name stands as a testament to the survivability and adaptability of both peoples and ethnonyms. It became, as Sh. Marjani stated, their 'proud Tatar name.'"</ref>

Some Turkic peoples living within the Russian Empire were named ''Tatar'', although not all Turkic peoples of Russian Empire were referred to as Tatars (for instance, this name was never used in relation to the [[Yakuts]], [[Chuvash people|Chuvashes]], [[Sart]]s and some others). Some of these populations used and keep using ''Tatar'' as a self-designation, others do not.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Willem Floor |title=Travels through Northern Persia, 1770–1774 |author=Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin |translator=Willem Floor |year=2015 |publisher=Mage Publishers |page=6 |isbn=978-1-933823-15-7 |quote=Prior to 1920, the Russians used the term Tatar to denote the numerous Turkic speaking peoples in their Empire ranging from the Azeris in the Caucasus to tribal people in Siberia.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=George A. Bournoutian |title=From the Kur to the Aras. A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813 |date=2021 |publisher=Brill |page=18 |series=Iran Studies, vol. 22 |isbn=978-90-04-44516-1 |quote=Until the Sovietization of the South Caucasus, Russian language sources refer to the Turkish-speaking Muslims of that region as 'Tatars,' while referring to the Ottomans as 'Turks'.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php «Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи»] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042823/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2005/0187/perep04.php}} [[Демоскоп Weekly]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Татары|url=http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/index.php?title=Татары|publisher=Энциклопедия «Вокруг света»|access-date=29 May 2014|language=ru}}</ref>

* Oghur branch
** [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]: ''Chuvash Tatars<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iagafova |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Bondareva |first2=Valeriia |date=2020-06-01 |title=Chuvash 'Paganism' at the Turn of the 21st Century: Traditional Rituals in the Religious Practice of Volga–Urals Chuvash Groups |journal=Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.2478/jef-2020-0007 |issn=2228-0987 |quote=In some cases, the Chuvash perceived Tatar ethnic identity as parallel to Islam, although they retained the Chuvash language and kept some elements of Chuvash culture in everyday life as well as in rituals. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arik |first=Durmuş |date=2007-04-01 |title=Islam among the Chuvashes and its Role in the Change of Chuvash Ethnicity |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1080/13602000701308814 |issn=1360-2004 |quote=Chuvashes who accepted Islam later on became imams, muezzins, teachers in madrasahs and the other religious employees. Many Chuvashes were influenced by Tatars who were strong representatives of Islam in the Volga-Urals region. This caused Chuvashes to define themselves as Tatars.}}</ref>'' 

* Kipchak groups
** Kipchak–Bulgar branch or "[[Tatar language|Tatar]]" in the narrow sense
*** [[Volga Tatars]]
**** [[Astrakhan Tatars]]
*** [[Lipka Tatars]]
** Kipchak–Cuman branch
*** [[Crimean Tatars]]
*** [[Karachays]] and [[Balkars]]: ''Mountain Tatars''
*** [[Kumyks]]: ''Daghestan Tatars''
** Kipchak–Nogai branch:
*** [[Tatars of Romania|Dobrujan Tatars]]
*** [[Nogais]]: ''Nogai Tatars''
*** [[Siberian Tatars]]
* [[Siberian Turkic|Siberian]] branch:
** [[Altai people|Altaians]]: ''Altai Tatars'', including the [[Tubalar]] or ''Chernevo Tatars''{{efn|The name originating from the name of [[Spruce-fir forests|Spruce-fir]] [[Taiga]] forests in Russian language: ''черневая тайга''}}
** [[Chulyms]] or ''Chulym Tatars''
** [[Khakas]]: ''[[Yenisei River|Yenisei]] Tatars'' (also ''Abakan Tatars'' or ''Achin Tatars''), still use the ''Tatar'' designation
** [[Shors]]: ''[[Kuznetsk Basin|Kuznetsk]] Tatars''
* Oghuz branch
** [[Azerbaijanis]]: ''Caucasus Tatars'' (also ''Transcaucasia Tatars'' or ''Azerbaijan Tatars'')
The term is originally not just an [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]], since the [[Cumans|Polovtsians]] of Golden Horde called themselves ''Tatar''.<ref>''Гаркавец А. Н.'' Кыпчакские языки. — Алма-Ата: Наука, 1987. — С. 18.</ref> It is also an endonym to a number of peoples of [[Siberia]] and [[Russian Far East]], namely the [[Khakas|Khakas people]] (тадар, ''tadar).''<ref>''Ушницкий В. В.'' Средневековые народы Центральной Азии (вопросы происхождения и этнической истории тюрко-монгольских племен). — Казань: Изд-во «Фэн» АН РТ, 2009. — С. 4. — 116 с. — {{ISBN|978-5-9690-0112-1}}</ref>