Editing Taos, New Mexico (section)

==History==

===Taos Pueblo===
{{main|Taos Pueblo}}
The [[Taos Pueblo]], which borders the north boundary of the town of Taos, has been occupied for nearly a [[millennium]]. It is estimated that the pueblo was built between 1000 and 1450&nbsp;A.D., with some later expansion, and the pueblo is considered to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States.<ref name=TAOSAbout>{{cite web |url=http://taospueblo.com/about/ |title=About Taos Pueblo FAQs |publisher=Taos Pueblo |access-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025073329/http://taospueblo.com/about/ |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Located in a tributary valley off the [[Rio Grande]], it is the most northern of the [[New Mexico]] [[pueblo]]s. The pueblo, at some places five stories high, is a combination of many individual homes with common walls. There are over 1,900 Taos Puebloans living within the greater pueblo-area community. Many of them have modern homes near their fields and live there in the summer months, only staying at their homes within the main North or South pueblo buildings during cooler weather. About 150 people live within the main pueblo buildings year-round.<ref name=TAOSAbout/> The Taos Pueblo was added as a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1992.<ref name=UNESCOWHS>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/492 |title=Taos Pueblo |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620230953/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/492/ |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Spanish colonization===
[[File:Church ruins at Taos Pueblo, NM.jpg|thumb|Old cemetery and ruins of original church, Taos Pueblo, New Mexico. Fray Pedro de Miranda, the Taos mission priest, was killed in 1640.]]
Taos was established c.1615 as ''Don Fernando de Taos'', following the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish conquest]] of the Indian [[Pueblo]] villages. Initially, relations of the Spanish settlers with [[Taos Pueblo]] were amicable,<ref>2007, Mapa Historico de Taos, Taos Kiwanis Club</ref> but resentment of meddling by missionaries, and demands by ''[[Encomienda|encomenderos]]'' for tribute, led to a revolt in 1640; Taos Indians killed their priest and a number of Spanish settlers and subsequently fled the pueblo, not returning until 1661.<ref name=THS>{{cite web |url= http://www.taos-history.org/time.html |title= Taos Timeline |publisher= Taos County Historical Society |access-date= June 3, 2011 |archive-date= July 16, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716061453/http://www.taos-history.org/time.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

In 1680, Taos Pueblo joined the widespread [[Pueblo Revolt]]. After the Spanish Reconquest of 1692, Taos Pueblo continued armed resistance to the Spanish until 1696, when Governor [[Diego de Vargas]] defeated the Indians at Taos Canyon.<ref name=THS/>

During the 1770s, Taos was repeatedly raided by [[Comanche]]s who lived on the [[great Plains|plains]] of what is now eastern [[Colorado]]. [[Juan Bautista de Anza]], governor of the [[Province of New Mexico, Mexico|Province of New Mexico]], led a successful [[punitive expedition]] in 1779 against the Comanches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Koshare Indian Museum: Taos, New Mexico|url=http://www.kosharehistory.org/visitors/taos.html|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-date=June 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614043408/http://www.kosharehistory.org/visitors/taos.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between 1780 and 1800, Don Fernando de Taos (now simply Taos) was established.<ref name=NPS /> Between 1796 and 1797, the Don Fernando de Taos land grant gave land to 63 Spanish families in the Taos valley.<ref name="Taos CofC History">[http://www.taoschamber.org/Visitor-Info/Taos-History Taos History.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121064630/http://www.taoschamber.org/Visitor-Info/Taos-History |date= January 21, 2015 }} Taos Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved July 28, 2014.</ref> It was built as a fortified plaza with adobe buildings and is now a central plaza surrounded by residential areas.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/amsw/sw45.htm Taos Downtown Historic District.] National Park Service. Retrieved July 28, 2014.</ref> Mountain men who trapped beaver nearby made Taos their home in the early 1800s.<ref name="Taos CofC History" />

===U.S. territory and statehood===
Mexico ceded the region to the U.S. in the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] in 1848 after the [[Mexican–American War]]. After the U.S. takeover of New Mexico in 1847, Hispanics and American Indians in Taos staged a rebellion, known as the [[Taos Revolt]], in which the newly appointed U.S. Governor, [[Charles Bent]], was killed. New Mexico was a territory of the United States beginning in 1850 and became a state in 1912.

For historical reasons, the American flag is displayed continuously at [[Taos Plaza]] (both day and night). This derives from the time of the [[American Civil War]], when Confederate sympathizers in the area attempted to remove the flag. The Union officer [[Kit Carson]] sought to discourage this activity by having guards surround the area and fly the flag 24&nbsp;hours a day.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nfwRPe99u6QC | author= O'Neill, Zora | title=Santa Fe, Taos, & Albuquerque| publisher=Moon Handbooks| year=2006| page=95| access-date= July 24, 2009 | isbn=978-1-56691-879-4 }}</ref>

[[Anton Docher]], the "Padre of Isleta", first served as a priest in Taos before leaving for [[Isleta]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite book | author=Crane, L. |title=Desert Drums: the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, 1540–1928 | year=1972 |publisher=Rio Grande Press}} {{page needed | date = October 2022}}</ref>

===Taos art colony===
{{main|Taos Society of Artists|Taos art colony}}
Beginning in 1899, artists began to settle in Taos; six formed the [[Taos Society of Artists]] in 1915. In time, the [[Taos art colony]] developed. Many paintings were made of local scenes, especially of [[Taos Pueblo]] and activities there, as the artists often modelled Native Americans from the pueblo in their paintings. Some of the artists' studios have been preserved and may be viewed by visitors to Taos. These include the [[Ernest L. Blumenschein House]], the [[Eanger Irving Couse House and Studio—Joseph Henry Sharp Studios]], and the [[Nicolai Fechin]] house, all of which are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name=Blieler>Bleiler, 75.</ref><ref name="Taos Daily">{{cite journal | author1=Whaley, B. | author2=Stiny, A. | url=http://www.taosdaily.com/index.php?fuseaction=home.viewarticle&article_id=2789 | title="Reconsidering Art in Taos; Bert Phillips" in ''Taos Horse Fly'' | journal=Taos Daily | access-date= February 17, 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310092234/http://www.taosdaily.com/index.php?fuseaction=home.viewarticle&article_id=2789 | archive-date= March 10, 2012 }}</ref> {{citation needed span| text = Influential later 20th-century Taos artists include [[R. C. Gorman]] and [[Agnes Martin]]. | date = October 2022}} A number of Foundations host [[Artist-in-residence|artist residencies]] in Taos including the prestigious [[Helene Wurlitzer Foundation]] which began hosting painters, writers, composers, sculptors, poets and filmmakers at Casa Encantado in 1954.