Editing Taiwanese indigenous peoples (section)

== Terminology ==

=== Collective ===
[[File:A Baksa woman and child, Formosa 1871. Wellcome L0056719 (cropped).jpg|thumb|249x249px|A Taiwanese indigenous woman and infant, by [[John Thomson (photographer)|John Thomson]], 1871]]

The Ming Dynasty sailor [[Chen Di]], in his ''Record of the Eastern Seas'' (1603), identifies the indigenous people of Taiwan as simply "Eastern Savages" ({{zh|t=東番|p=Dongfan|labels=no}}), while the Dutch referred to Taiwan's original inhabitants as "Indians" or "blacks", based on their prior colonial experience in what is currently Indonesia.{{sfnp|Teng|2004|pp=61–65}}

Beginning nearly a century later, as the rule of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]] expanded over wider groups of people, writers and gazetteers recast their descriptions away from reflecting degree of [[acculturation]], and toward a system that defined the indigenous relative to their submission or hostility to Qing rule. Qing used the term "raw/wild/uncivilized" ({{zh|c={{linktext|生番}}|labels=no}}) to define those people who had not submitted to Qing rule, and "cooked/tamed/civilized" ({{zh|c={{linktext|熟番}}|labels=no}}) for those who had pledged their allegiance through their payment of a head tax.{{NoteTag|In the case of travel writings, the Qing literati use of "raw" and "cooked" are closer in meaning to "unfamiliar" and "familiar", on the basis of culture/language and interaction with Han settlers.<ref>{{harvp|Teng|2004|pp=126–127}}.</ref>}} According to the standards of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] and successive regimes, the epithet "cooked" was synonymous with having assimilated to Han cultural norms, and living as a subject of the Empire, but it retained a pejorative designation to signify the perceived cultural lacking of the non-Han people.{{sfnp|Diamond|1995|p=100}} This designation reflected the prevailing idea that anyone could be civilized/tamed by adopting Confucian social norms.{{sfnp|Crossley|1999|pp=281–295}}{{sfnp|Dikotter|1992|pp=8–9}}

In English, these peoples have also been called '''Formosans''', '''Native Taiwanese''', and '''Austronesian Taiwanese'''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rigger |first=Shelley |author1-link=Shelley Rigger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QZ1AQAAQBAJ |title=Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4422-3002-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title=One Island, Twenty Tongues |url=http://www.ketagalanmedia.com/2017/05/03/one-island-twenty-tongues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504070224/http://www.ketagalanmedia.com/2017/05/03/one-island-twenty-tongues/ |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |website=Ketagalan Media}}</ref> The name '''Gaoshan''' is also the official label for all indigenous Taiwanese in the People's Republic of China.{{sfnp|Hattaway|2003|pp=39, 93, 425}}<ref>GB 3304－91 [http://mz.china.com.cn/?action-viewnews-itemid-4643 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101182121/http://mz.china.com.cn/?action-viewnews-itemid-4643|date=2009-11-01}}.</ref>

=== Tribes ===
As the Qing consolidated their power over the plains and struggled to enter the mountains in the late 19th century, the terms ''[[Plains Indigenous peoples|Pingpu]]'' ({{zh|c={{linktext|平埔族}} |p=Píngpǔzú |l=Plains peoples |labels=no}}) and ''Gaoshan'' ({{zh|c={{linktext|高山族}} |p=Gāoshānzú |l=High Mountain peoples |labels=no}}) were used interchangeably with the epithets "civilized" and "uncivilized".{{sfnp|Teng|2004|pp=125–127}} During [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]] (1895–1945), anthropologists from Japan maintained the binary classification. In 1900 they incorporated it into their own colonial project by employing the term {{nihongo||{{linktext|平埔}}|Peipo}} for the "civilized tribes", and creating a category of "recognized tribes" for the indigenous who had formerly been called "uncivilized". The [[Musha Incident]] of 1930 led to many changes in indigenous policy, and the Japanese government began referring to them as {{nihongo4|'''Takasago people'''|{{linktext|高砂|族}}|Takasago-zoku}}.{{sfnp|Tai|1999|p=294}}

''Gaoshan'' peoples included the [[Atayal people|Atayal]], [[Bunun people|Bunun]], [[Tsou people|Tsou]], [[Saisiat people|Saisiat]], [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]], [[Puyuma people|Puyuma]], and [[Amis people|Amis]] peoples. The [[Tao people|Tao]] (Yami) and [[Rukai people|Rukai]] were added later, for a total of nine recognized peoples.{{sfnp|Harrison|2001|pp=54–55}} During the early period of Chinese Nationalist [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) rule the terms ''Shandi Tongbao'' ({{zh|c={{linktext|山地|同胞}}|labels=no}}) "mountain compatriots" and ''Pingdi Tongbao'' ({{zh|c={{linktext|平地|同胞}}|labels=no}}) "plains compatriots" were invented, to remove the presumed taint of Japanese influence and reflect the place of Taiwan's indigenous people in the Chinese Nationalist state.{{sfnp|Harrison|2001|p=60}} The KMT later adopted the use of all the earlier Japanese groupings except ''Peipo''.

Despite recent changes in the field of anthropology and a shift in government objectives, the ''Pingpu'' and ''Gaoshan'' labels in use today maintain the form given by the Qing to reflect indigenous' acculturation to Han culture.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} The current recognized indigenous are all regarded as ''Gaoshan'', though the divisions are not and have never been based strictly on geographical location. The Amis, Saisiat, Tao and Kavalan are all traditionally Eastern Plains cultures.{{sfnp|Brown|2001|p=163 ''n6''}} The distinction between ''Pingpu'' and ''Gaoshan'' people continues to affect Taiwan's policies regarding indigenous peoples, and their ability to participate effectively in government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/site/Tj/ct.asp?xItem=21802&CtNode=122 |title=Saisiyat people launch referendum initiative |website=National Affairs |date=28 April 2006 |access-date=22 August 2010}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

Although the ROC's [[Government Information Office]] officially lists 16 major groupings as "tribes", the consensus among scholars maintains that these 16 groupings do not reflect any social entities, political collectives, or self-identified alliances dating from pre-modern Taiwan.{{sfnp|Teng|2004|pp=104–105}} These divisions did not always correspond to distinctions drawn by the indigenous themselves.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} The earliest detailed records, dating from the Dutch arrival in 1624, describe the indigenous as living in independent villages of varying size. Between these villages there was frequent trade, intermarriage, warfare and alliances against common enemies. Using contemporary ethnographic and linguistic criteria, these villages have been classed by anthropologists into more than 20 broad (and widely debated) ethnic groupings,{{sfnp|Tsuchida|1983|p=62}}{{sfnp|Li|1992|pp=22–23}} which were never united under a common polity, kingdom or "tribe".{{sfnp|Shepherd|1993|pp=51–61}} However, the categories have become so firmly established in government and popular discourse over time that they have become [[de facto]] distinctions, serving to shape in part today's political discourse within the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC), and affecting Taiwan's policies regarding indigenous peoples.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Population of officially recognized Taiwanese indigenous peoples in 1911<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:臺灣總督府第十五統計書 |trans-title=Governor-General of Taiwan Statistic Yearbook 1911 |publisher=Governor-General of Taiwan |year=1913 |url=http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/974276 |page=46 |language=ja |oclc=674052936 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422001420/http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/974276 |archive-date=2016-04-22 |title=NDL-dl-DSS-front}}</ref>
|-  style="background:#ececec; vertical-align:top;"
!Atayal!! Saisiyat!!Bunun!!Tsou!!Rukai!! Paiwan!! Puyuma!!Amis!!Yami!!Total
|-
|27,871||770||16,007||2,325||13,242||21,067||6,407||32,783||1,487||121,950
|}
Since 2005, some local governments, including [[Tainan]] City in 2005, [[Fuli, Hualien]] in 2013, and [[Pingtung County]] in 2016, have begun to recognize [[Taiwanese Plains Indigenous Peoples|Taiwanese Plain Indigenous peoples]]. The numbers of people who have successfully registered, including Kaohsiung City Government that has opened to register but not yet recognized, as of 2017 are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.tainan.gov.tw//nation/page.asp?nsub=H2A2A0|title=The latest figures of registration of Siraya people|date=2016-12-02|website=Ethnic Affairs Commission of Tainan City Government|access-date=2018-05-29|archive-date=2018-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034707/http://web.tainan.gov.tw//nation/page.asp?nsub=H2A2A0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.matataiwan.com/2016/08/25/tevorangh-taivoan-taiwan-indigenous-in-hualian-makatao/|title=呼應蔡英文平埔政策！花蓮富里首開「鄉定原民」先例，2年過去卻不滿百人登記是發生啥事呢？|date=2016-08-25|work=Mata Taiwan|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://titv.ipcf.org.tw/news-34348|title=部落大小聲節目 加蚋埔部落錄製平埔議題|date=2017-11-10|publisher=TITV|access-date=2018-05-29|archive-date=2017-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042027/http://titv.ipcf.org.tw/news-34348|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://household.kcg.gov.tw/household/NewsDetailC001510.aspx?Cond=656ae9d9-4310-4bd9-8af6-352962e17212|title=西拉雅平埔族註記、高市熟男266人.熟女207人|date=2016-09-13|website=Kaohsiung City Government|access-date=2018-05-29|archive-date=2018-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203940/https://household.kcg.gov.tw/household/NewsDetailC001510.aspx?Cond=656ae9d9-4310-4bd9-8af6-352962e17212|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
|- style="background:#ececec; vertical-align:top;"
!
!Siraya!! Taivoan!!Makatao
!Not Specific
!Total
|-
|Tainan
|11,830||–||–
| –
|11,830
|-
|Kaohsiung
|107
|129
| –
|237
|473
|-
|Pingtung
| –
| –
|1,803
|205
|2,008
|-
|Fuli, Hualien
| –
| –
| –
|100
|100
|-
|'''Total'''
|11,937
|129
|1,803
|542
|14,411
|}