Editing Týr (section)

==Name==
In wider [[Germanic mythology]], he is known in [[Old English]] as '''{{lang|ang|Tīw|italic=no}}''' and in [[Old High German]] as '''{{Lang|goh|Ziu|italic=no}}''', both stemming from the [[Proto-Germanic]] [[theonym]] '''{{lang|gem-x-proto|*Tīwaz|italic=no}}''', meaning 'God'. Little information about the god survives beyond [[Old Norse]] sources. {{lang|non|Týr}} could be the eponym of the [[Tiwaz rune]] ({{runic|ᛏ}}), a letter of the [[runic alphabet]] corresponding to the [[Latin]] letter ''T''.

Various place names in Scandinavia refer to the god, and a variety of objects found in England and Scandinavia seem to depict {{lang|non|Týr|italic=no}} or invoke him.

=== Etymology ===
The Old Norse [[theonym]] {{lang|non|Týr}} stems from an earlier [[Proto-Norse]] form reconstructed as {{lang|non|*Tīwaʀ}},{{sfn|de Vries|1962|p=603}} which derives – like its Germanic [[cognate]]s {{lang|ang|Tīw}} ([[Old English]]) and {{lang|goh|*Ziu}} (Old High German) – from the [[Proto-Germanic]] theonym {{lang|gem-x-proto|*Tīwaz}}, meaning 'God'.<ref>{{Harvnb|de Vries|1962|p=603}}; {{harvnb|Simek|1996|p=413}}; {{harvnb|Orel|2003|p=408}}; {{harvnb|West|2007|p=167}}; {{harvnb|Kroonen|2013|p=519}}</ref> The name of a Gothic deity named {{transliteration|got|*Teiws}} (later {{transliteration|got|*Tīus}}) may also be reconstructed based on the associated rune ''[[Tiwaz (rune)|tiwaz]]''.{{sfn|de Vries|1962|p=603}}{{Sfn|Lehmann|1986|p=352}} In [[Old Norse poetry]], the plural {{lang|non|tívar}} is used for 'the gods', and the singular {{lang|non|týr}}, meaning '(a) god', occurs in [[kennings]] for [[Odin]] and [[Thor]].{{Sfn|Simek|1996|p=420}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=120 n. 1}} Modern English writers frequently anglicize the god's name by dropping the proper noun's [[diacritic]], rendering [[Old Norse]]'s ''{{lang|non|Týr}}'' as ''Tyr''.{{efn
|name=Faulkes-1987-Týr-vs-Tyr|
[[Anthony Faulkes|Faulkes]] translates {{lang|non|Týr}} as ''Tyr'' throughout his 1987 version of the ''Poetic Edda''.{{sfn|Faulkes|1995}}
}}

The Proto-Germanic masculine noun {{lang|gem-x-proto|*tīwaz}} ({{abbr|pl.|plural}} {{lang|gem-x-proto|*tīwōz}}) means 'a god, a deity', and probably also served as a title or epithet that came to be associated with a specific deity whose original name is now lost.{{efn
|name=West-2007-Tīwaz|{{harvnb|West|2007|p=167 n. 8|ps=: "The Germanic: {{lang|gem-x-proto|*Tīwaz}} (Norse: {{lang|non|Týr}}, etc.) also goes back to {{lang|ine-x-proto|*deiwós}}. But he does not seem to be the old Sky-god, and it is preferable to suppose that he once had another name, which came to be supplanted by the title 'God'." }}}}{{efn
|name=Kroonen-2013-tiwa|
{{harvnb|Kroonen|2013|p=519|ps=: "The general meaning of PGm. *''tiwa''- was simply 'god', [[cf.]] ON ''tívar'' pl. 'gods' < *''tiwoz'', but the word was clearly associated with the specific deity Týr-Tīw-Ziu".}}
}} It stems from [[Proto-Indo-European]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|*deywós}}, meaning 'celestial, heavenly one', hence a 'god' ([[cf.]] [[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|[[Deva (Hinduism)|devá]]}} 'heavenly, divine', [[Old Lithuanian]]: {{lang|olt|[[Dievas|deivas]]}}, {{langx|la|[[deus]]}} 'a god, deity'), itself a derivation from {{lang|ine-x-proto|*[[dyēus]]}}, meaning 'diurnal sky', hence 'daylight-sky god' (cf. {{langx|sa|[[Dyaus|Dyáuṣ]]}}, {{langx|grc|[[Zeus]]}}, {{langx|la|[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jove]]}}).{{Sfn|Wodtko|Irslinger|Schneider|2008|pp=70–71}}{{Sfn|West|2007|p=167–168}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=519}} The Germanic noun {{lang|gem-x-proto|*tīwaz}} is further attested in the [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] loanword {{lang|fi|teivas}}, found as a [[suffix]] in the deities {{lang|fi|{{Interlanguage link|Rongoteus|lt=Runkoteivas|fi}}}} and {{lang|fi|Rukotiivo}}.{{sfn|de Vries|1962|p=603}} The [[Romano-Germanic Museum|Romano-Germanic]] deity {{lang|la|Alateivia}} may also be related,{{sfn|de Vries|1962|p=603}} although its origin remains unclear.{{Sfn|Lehmann|1986|p=352}}

Due to linguistic evidence and early native comparisons between {{lang|gem-x-proto|*Tīwaz}} and the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], especially under the name {{lang|la|Mars Thingsus}}, a number of scholars have interpreted {{lang|gem-x-proto|*Tīwaz}} as a Proto-Germanic sky-, war- and [[Thing (assembly)|thing]]-god.{{Sfn|Simek|1996|p=413}}{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=519}} Other scholars reject however his identification as a 'sky-god', since {{lang|gem-x-proto|*tīwaz}} was likely not his original name but rather an epithet that came to be associated with him and eventually replaced it.{{efn|name=West-2007-Tīwaz}}

=== Origin of ''Tuesday'' ===
The modern English [[weekday]] name ''[[Tuesday]]'' comes from the Old English {{lang|ang|tīwesdæg}}, meaning 'day of Tīw'. It is cognate with Old Norse {{lang|non|Týsdagr}}, [[Old Frisian]] {{lang|ofs|Tīesdi}}, and Old High German {{lang|goh|Ziostag}} ([[Middle High German]] {{lang|gmh|Zīstac}}). All of them stem from Late Proto-Germanic {{lang|gem-x-proto|*Tiwasdag}} ('Day of {{lang|gem-x-proto|Tīwaz}}'), a [[calque]] of Latin {{lang|la|Martis dies}} ('Day of [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]'; cf. modern [[Italian language|Italian]] {{lang|it|martedì}}, [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|mardi}}, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{lang|es|martes}}). This attests to an early Germanic identification of {{lang|gem-x-proto|italic=no|*Tīwaz}} with Mars.<ref name="BARNHART-SIMEK2">See discussion in {{harvnb|Barnhart|1995|p=837}} and {{harvnb|Simek|1996|pp=334–336}}.</ref>{{Sfn|Kroonen|2013|p=519}}

Germanic weekday names for ''Tuesday'' that do not transparently extend from the above lineage may also ultimately refer to the deity, including [[Middle Dutch]] {{lang|dum|Dinxendach}} and {{lang|dum|Dingsdag}}, [[Middle Low German]] {{lang|gml|Dingesdach}}, and Old High German {{lang|goh|Dingesdag}} (modern {{lang|de|Dienstag}}). These forms may refer to the god's association with the [[Thing (assembly)|thing]] ({{lang|gem-x-proto|*þingsaz}}), a traditional legal assembly common among the ancient Germanic peoples with which the god is associated. This may be either explained by the existence of an [[epithet]], {{lang|la|Thingsus}} ({{lang|gem-x-proto|*Þingsaz}} 'thing-god'), frequently attached to Mars ({{lang|gem-x-proto|*Tīwaz}}), or simply by the god's strong association with the assembly.{{sfn|Simek|1996|p=336}}

=== T-rune ===
[[File:Tiwaz rune.svg|thumb|right|The [[Tiwaz (rune)|''t''-rune]] takes its name from the deity.]]
The god is the namesake of the rune {{runic|ᛏ}} representing {{IPA|/t/}} (the [[Tiwaz rune]]) in the [[runic alphabets]], the indigenous alphabets of the ancient Germanic peoples prior to their adaptation of the [[Latin alphabet]]. On runic inscriptions, {{runic|ᛏ}} often appears as a magical symbol.{{Sfn|Simek|1996|p=420}} The name first occurs in the historical record as ''tyz'', a character in the [[Gothic alphabet]] (4th century), and it was also known as {{lang|ang|tī}} or {{lang|ang|tir}} in Old English, and {{lang|non|týr}} in Old Norse.{{sfn|Lehmann|1986|p=352}}{{Sfn|Simek|1996|p=336}} The name of {{lang|non|Týr|italic=no}} may also occur in runes as {{script|Runr|{{lang|non|ᛏᛁᚢᛦ|italic=no}}}} on the 8th century [[Ribe skull fragment]].<ref name=Schulte-2006/>

=== Toponyms ===
A variety of place names in Scandinavia refer to the god. For example, {{lang|da|Tyrseng}}, in [[Viby J|Viby]], Jutland, Denmark (Old Norse {{lang|non|*Týs eng}}, '{{lang|non|Týr|italic=no}}'s meadow') was once a stretch of meadow near a stream called {{lang|da|Dødeå}} ('stream of the dead' or 'dead stream'). Viby also contained another theonym, {{lang|da|Onsholt}} ("Odin's [[Woodland|Holt]]"), and religious practices associated with Odin and {{lang|non|Týr|italic=no}} may have occurred in these places. A [[Spring (hydrosphere)|spring]] dedicated to [[Holy Niels]] that was likely a Christianization of prior indigenous pagan practice also exists in Viby. {{lang|da|Viby}} may mean 'the settlement by the sacred site'. Archaeologists have found traces of sacrifices going back 2,500 years in Viby.{{sfn|Damm|2005|pp=42–45}}

The forest {{lang|sv|[[Tiveden]]}}, between [[Närke]] and [[Västergötland]], in Sweden, may mean 'Tyr's forest', but its etymology is uncertain, and debated.<ref name=Hellquist-l979-Tiveden/> {{lang|sv|Ti-}} may refer to {{lang|non|týr}} meaning 'god' generally, and so the name may derive from Proto-Indo-European {{lang|ine-x-proto|*[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/deywós|deiwo]]-widus}}, meaning 'the forest of the gods'.<ref name=Hellquist-l979-Tiveden/> According to [[Rudolf Simek]], the existence of a cult of the deity is also evidenced by place names such as {{lang|da|Tislund}} ('{{lang|non|Týr|italic=no}}'s grove'), which is frequent in Denmark, or {{lang|no|[[Tysnes]]}} ('{{lang|non|Týr|italic=no}}'s peninsula') and {{lang|no|Tysnesø}} ('Tysnes island') in Norway, where the cult appears to have been imported from Denmark.{{Sfn|Simek|1996|p=420}}