Editing Tübingen (section)

==History==
{{further|County Palatine of Tübingen}}

The area was probably first settled by ancient humans in the 12th millennium BC. The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] left some traces here in AD 85, when they built a [[Limes (Roman Empire)|limes]] frontier wall at the Neckar River. Tübingen dates from the 6th or 7th century, when the region was populated by the [[Alamanni]] people. Some historians argue that the [[Battle of Solicinium]] was fought at [[Spitzberg (Tübingen)|Spitzberg]], a mountain in Tübingen, in AD 367, although there is no evidence for this.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Tübingen first appears in official records in 1191. The local castle, ''Hohentübingen'', has records going back to 1078, when it was besieged by [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]], [[Kingdom of Germany|king of Germany]]. Its name was transcribed in [[Medieval Latin]] as {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Tuingia}} and {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Twingia}}.

From 1146, Count Hugo V (1125–52) was promoted to [[count palatine]] as Hugo I. Tübingen was established as the capital of a [[County Palatine of Tübingen]]. By 1231, Tübingen was a ''civitas'', indicating recognition by the Crown of civil liberties and a court system.

In 1262, an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] monastery was established by [[Pope Alexander IV]] in Tübingen; in 1272, a Franciscan monastery was founded. In 1300, a Latin school (today's Uhland-Gymnasium) was founded. During the Protestant Reformation, which Duke [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg|Ulrich]] of [[Duchy of Württemberg|Württemberg]] converted to, he disestablished the Franciscan monastery in 1535.

In 1342, the county palatine was sold to [[Ulrich III, Count of Württemberg]] and incorporated into the [[County of Württemberg]].

[[File:Tübingen - Neckarfront 04.jpg|thumb|right|265px|Tübingen, [[Neckarfront]]]]
[[File:Tübingen Markt BW 2015-04-27 15-43-00.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Shops lining the city square]]

Between 1470 and 1483, [[St. George's Collegiate Church, Tübingen|St. George's Collegiate Church]] was built. The collegiate church offices provided the opportunity for what soon afterwards became the most significant event in Tübingen's history: the founding of the [[University of Tübingen|Eberhard Karls University]] by [[Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg|Duke Eberhard im Bart of Württemberg]] in 1477, thus making it one of the oldest universities in Central Europe. It became soon renowned as one of the most influential places of learning in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], especially for [[theology]] (a [[Protestant]] faculty, [[Tübinger Stift]], was established in 1535 in the former Augustinian monastery). Today, the university is still the biggest source of income for the residents of the city and one of the biggest universities in [[Germany]] with more than 26,000 students.

In the course of the [[Thirty Years' War]], the [[Lutheran]] town was occupied by the [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] between 1622 and 1625, by the Swedes in 1638, and by the French from 1647 to 1649. It was also devastated by plague.

In 1789, parts of the old town burned down, but were later rebuilt in the original style. In 1798 the ''[[Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', a leading newspaper in early 19th-century Germany, was founded in Tübingen by [[Johann Friedrich Cotta]]. At his residence, the ''Cottahaus'', a sign commemorates [[Goethe's]] stay of a few weeks while visiting his publisher: ''"Hier kotzte Goethe"'' (lit.: "[[Goethe]] puked here"). 

From the beginning of the 19th century, the town grew significantly beyond its medieval borders for the first time with the rectangular Wilhelmsvorstadt at the Neue Aula and the Botanical Garden. In 1861, with the opening on the right bank of the Neckar of today's main train station, Tübingen was connected to the [[Royal Württemberg State Railways]] network.

In 1873, the 10th [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]] Infantry Regiment was quartered in barracks erected behind the station, the later ''[[Thiepval]] Kaserne'' so named for the village where the regiment suffered heavy losses during the [[World War I|First World War]] [[Battle of the Somme]] in 1916. Another barracks was built in 1913, which had the name Neue Kaserne, but later got the name Loretto-Kaserne. In the 1930's, a further barracks was built in the course of [[Nazism|National Socialist]] [[German rearmament|rearmament]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Geschichtswerkstatt Tübingen (Hg.) |title=Tübingen, Historische Photographien einer Stadt |publisher=Wartberg Verlag |year=2001 |isbn=9783861348702 |location=Im Wiesenthal}}</ref>{{rp|21-22}} After the war all three barracks were occupied by French troops until 1991. All three barracks were repurposed and got new destination as homes for students and residents and for small shops and businesses or public services. The Loretto-Kaserne is now the Loretto Quarter. Today, the repurposed [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]] Barracks are at the centre of an award-winning mixed business-residential development, the "French Quarter" (''Französische Viertel'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Französisches Viertel |url=https://www.tuebingen-info.de/attraktion/franzoesisches-viertel-81cb9d9080 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.tuebingen-info.de |language=de}}</ref> Since then Tübingen is demilitarised and no longer has any military units, military bases or military training areas. 

Tübingen was already a regional stronghold of National Socialism before [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Hitler's ascent to power]] in January 1933.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulmer |first=Martin |last2=von Bremen |first2=Benedict |date=2025 |title=NS-Akteure in Tübingen {{!}} Tübingen im Nationalsozialismus |url=https://www.ns-akteure-in-tuebingen.de/bereiche/tuebingen-im-nationalsozialismus |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.ns-akteure-in-tuebingen.de}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{rp|19}} The university became a leading centre for research on the "[[Jewish question]]", with faculty in both the sciences and humanities contributing to the notions of "[[racial hygiene]]" that informed the [[Genocide|genocida]]<nowiki/>l policies of the new regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Report of the Study Group "The University of Tübingen under National Socialism“ on Jews at the University of Tübingen under National Socialist domination |url=https://www.academia.edu/38109471/Jews_at_the_University_of_T%C3%BCbingen_under_National_Socialism |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiesing |first=Urban |last2=Brintzinger |first2=Klaus-Rainer |last3=Grün |first3=Bernd |last4=Junginger |first4=Horst |last5=Michl |first5=Susanne |date=2010 |title=Die Universität Tübingen im Nationalsozialismus {{!}} 400009974 |url=https://www.steiner-verlag.de/Die-Universitaet-Tuebingen-im-Nationalsozialismus/9783515099745 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Franz Steiner Verlag |language=de-DE}}</ref> On [[Kristallnacht]], November 9, 1938, the [[Sturmabteilung|Nazi Stormtroopers]] burned down the Tübingen Synagogue. Of the 23 members of [[synagogue]] who remained in Tübingen at the [[Outbreak of World War II|outbreak of war]], only two survived the [[The Holocaust|Shoah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish history and the Synagogenplatz memorial {{!}} Geschichtswerkstatt Tübingen e.V. |url=https://www.geschichtswerkstatt-tuebingen.de/en/projects/memorial-synagogenplatz#:~:text=The%20T%C3%BCbingen%20Jews%20belonged%20to,,%20lawyers,%20doctors%20and%20bankers. |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.geschichtswerkstatt-tuebingen.de}}</ref>

In 1934, in a rare instance of resistance to the new order, [[:de:Corps_Suevia_Tübingen#cite_note-3|Corps Suevia]], one of the university's typically patriotic and conservative student fraternities (''[[Burschenschaft|Burschenschaften]]''), refused an order to exclude Jewish students and was dissolved.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corps Suevia Tübingen – TUEpedia |url=https://www.tuepedia.de/wiki/Corps_Suevia_T%C3%BCbingen |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.tuepedia.de |language=de}}</ref>

There were three [[Strategic bombing during World War II|bombing raids]] on the town during [[World War II|Second World War]], but damage was comparatively slight: the Neckar Bridge and some 85 houses.<ref>Erich Keyser (1955), ''Württembergisches Städtebuch.'' Stuttgart, p. 489.</ref> In April 1945, the town was surrendered to the French who were to remain as [[French occupation zone in Germany|occupiers]] until the creation of the [[BRD (Germany)|German Federal Republic]] in 1949, and as an allied garrison until the end of the [[Cold War]] in the 1990s (after which, the vacated Thiepval Barracks served as a hostel for [[Asylum seeker|asylum seekers]] and German immigrants from Eastern Europe).<ref name=":0" />{{rp|21}} Consistent with the role of the [[Marshall Plan]] in post-war reconstruction, the [[United States]] also had a presence in the town. Originally the ''Amerika Haus,'' the German-American Institute ("d.a.i."), at the Neckar Bridge continues to promote English-language classes and "cultural exchange".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the d.a.i. |url=https://www.dai-tuebingen.de/en/about-the-institute |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.dai-tuebingen.de |language=en}}</ref>

In 1946, under the French, Tübingen served as the capital of the consolidated state of [[Württemberg-Hohenzollern]], but in 1952, in a further amalgamation, it was absorbed in the federal state of [[Baden-Württemberg]] with its capital in [[Stuttgart]].

In the second half of the 20th century, Tübingen's administrative area was extended beyond what is now called the "core city" to include several outlying small towns and villages. Most notable among these is [[Bebenhausen]], a village clustered around a castle and [[Bebenhausen Abbey]], a [[Cistercian]] [[cloister]] about {{convert|2|mi|km}} north of Tübingen.

In the 1960s, Tübingen was one of the centres of the [[German student movement]] and of the [[protests of 1968]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Landesbildungsserver Baden-Württemberg |title=Die Studentenbewegung 1968/69 in Tübingen |url=https://www.schule-bw.de/faecher-und-schularten/gesellschaftswissenschaftliche-und-philosophische-faecher/landeskunde-landesgeschichte/module/bp_2016/kursstufe-streben-nach-partizipation-und-wohlstand-in-der-brd/die-studentenbewegung-1968-69-in-tuebingen/ab1.pdf |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> which made an issue of perceived continuities between the Federal Republic and the Hitler regime.<ref>Salvanou, Emilia (2022-05-23). "Memory and Protest in the West German Peace Movement of 1960s". ''Open Journal of Political Science''. '''12''' (3): 423–441.</ref> Emerging from this scene, in the early 1970s, a graduate of the university, [[Gudrun Ensslin]], led her [[Red Army Faction]] in a nation-wide campaign of bombing and assassination. 

In a town in which neither of the major federal parties, the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] and the [[CDU (Germany)|CDU]], could command majorities, in 1980 a very different successor to the generation of '68 emerged as an electoral force. Since 2004, the [[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]]  have been the largest party in the local council (''Gemeinderat''). In the 2024 local elections (in which there was no mandate for the [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] or other far-right groupings), they commanded over a third of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Stuttgarter |title=Ergebnisse der Gemeinderatswahl 2024 in Tübingen |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.gemeinderatswahl-2024-bw-tuebingen-wahlergebnis.429ec11c-f45a-4333-8bb5-ea4e79abe5c3.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=stuttgarter-zeitung.de |language=de}}</ref>