Editing Syracuse University (section)

==History==

===Founding===
[[File:Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in 1870 (Lima, New York).png|thumb|[[Genesee Wesleyan Seminary]]]]

The institution's roots can be traced to the [[Genesee Wesleyan Seminary]]. The seminary was founded in 1831 by the Genesee [[Annual conferences within Methodism|annual conference]] of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[Lima, New York]], south of [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]].<ref name="genesee_wesleyan_collection" /> In 1850, it was resolved to enlarge the institution from a seminary into a college, or to connect a college with the seminary, becoming [[Genesee College]]. However, the location was soon thought by many to be insufficiently central. Its difficulties were compounded by a new railroad that competed with the [[Erie Canal]] and reconfigured the region's primary economic conduits to bypass Lima. The trustees of the struggling college decided to seek an alternate locale whose economic and transportation advantages could provide a surer base of support.

The college began looking for a new home at the same time that Syracuse, ninety miles to the east, was searching to bring a university to the city after having failed to convince [[Ezra Cornell]] and [[Andrew Dickson White]] to locate [[Cornell University]] in Syracuse rather than in [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]].{{sfn|Galpin|1952}}{{sfn|Greene|2000}} Syracuse resident White pressed that the new university should relocate on the hill in Syracuse (the current location of Syracuse University) due to the city's attractive transportation hub, which would ease the recruitment of faculty, students, and other persons of note. However, as a young carpenter working in Syracuse, Cornell had been cheated of his wages by an employer there.<ref name="reminiscences" /><ref name="cornell_syr" /> Instead he insisted Cornell University be in [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]] on his large farm on East Hill, overlooking the town and [[Cayuga Lake]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Goldwin |url=https://archive.org/details/reminiscences0000gold_l3c9/page/370/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Reminiscences |date=1911 |publisher=Macmillan |others=Internet Archive |pages=370}}</ref>

Meanwhile, there were several years of dispute between the Methodist ministers, Lima, and contending cities across the state over proposals to move Genesee College to Syracuse.<ref name="Syracuse v Genesee" /> At the time, the ministers wanted a share of the funds from the [[Morrill Land Grant Act]] for Genesee College. They agreed to a ''[[quid pro quo]]'' donation of $25,000 from Senator Cornell in exchange for their (and their Methodist constituents') support for his bill. Cornell insisted the bargain be written into the bill and Cornell became New York State's Land Grant University in 1865.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} In 1869, Genesee College obtained New York State approval to move to Syracuse but Lima got a court injunction to block the move, and thus Genesee stayed in Lima until it was dissolved in 1875.<ref name="found" /> By that time, however, the court injunction had been made moot by the founding of a new university on March 24, 1870.<ref name="Syracuse v Genesee" /><ref name="New University in Syracuse" /><ref name="Methodist resolves october 1870" /> On that date the State of New York granted the new Syracuse University its own charter independent of Genesee College.<ref name="found" /> The Methodist church subscribed an endowment of $400,000 and the City of Syracuse offered $100,000 to establish the school.<ref name="founding_endowment" /><ref name="found" /> [[Jesse T. Peck|Bishop Jesse Truesdell Peck]] had donated $25,000 to the proposed school<ref name="dickinson" /> and was elected the first president of the Board of Trustees.{{sfn|Greene|2000}}<ref name="Peck" />

Daniel Steele, a former Genesee College president, served as the first administrative leader of Syracuse until its Chancellor was appointed.{{sfn|Greene|2000|p=2}} The university opened in September 1871 in rented space downtown.<ref name="found" /><ref name="first years" /><ref name="A&S-150" /> Judge [[George F. Comstock]], a member of the new university's board of trustees, had offered the school {{convert|50|acre|m2}} of farmland on a hillside to the southeast of the city center.<ref name="comstock land" /> Comstock intended Syracuse University and the hill to develop as an integrated whole; a contemporary account described the latter as "a beautiful town ... springing up on the hillside and a community of refined and cultivated membership ... established near the spot which will soon be the center of a great and beneficent educational institution."{{sfn|Gorney|2006}}

The university was founded as coeducational and racially integrated: "open to men and women, white and black."<ref name="first years" /> President Peck stated at the opening ceremonies, "The conditions of admission shall be equal to all persons... there shall be no invidious discrimination here against woman.... brains and heart shall have a fair chance... "<ref name="coed" /> Syracuse implemented this policy with a high proportion of women students for its era. In the College of Liberal Arts, the ratio between male and female students during the 19th century was approximately even. The College of Fine Arts was predominantly female, while lower ratios of women enrolled in the College of Medicine and the College of Law.<ref name="coed" /> Men and women were taught together in the same courses, and many extra-curricular activities were coeducational as well. Syracuse also developed "women-only" organizations and clubs.<ref name="coed" />

===Expansion===
[[File:Annual Class of Syracuse University, July 1876, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg|thumb|First Annual Class of Syracuse University in July 1876]]

Coeducation at Syracuse traced its roots to the early days of Genesee College where educators and students like [[Frances Willard (suffragist)|Frances Willard]] and [[Belva Lockwood]] were heavily influenced by the Women's movement in nearby [[Seneca Falls, New York]]. However, the progressive "co-ed" policies practiced at Genesee would soon find controversy at the new university in Syracuse.{{sfn|Greene|2000}} Colleges and universities admitted few women students in the 1870s. Administrators and faculty argued women had inferior minds and could not master mathematics and the classics. [[Erastus Otis Haven]], Syracuse University chancellor and former president of the [[University of Michigan]] and [[Northwestern University]], maintained that women should receive the advantages of higher education. He enrolled his daughter Frances at Syracuse, where she joined the other newly admitted female students in founding the [[Gamma Phi Beta]] sorority.{{sfn|Greene|2000}} The inclusion of women in the early days of the university led to the proliferation of various women's clubs and societies. Frank Smalley, a Syracuse professor coined the term "[[sorority]]" specifically for [[Gamma Phi Beta]].<ref name="smalley" />
[[File:Hall of Languages at Syracuse University, as seen from Newhouse Steps.jpg|thumb|The Hall of Languages was the first building on the Syracuse University campus, opening in 1873.]]

[[File:Crousecollegesu.jpg|thumb|[[Crouse College]], a [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque]] building completed in 1889, housed the first [[School of Fine Arts|College of Fine Arts]] in the U.S. It is now the home of the [[Setnor School of Music]].]]

In the late 1880s, the university engaged in a rapid building spree. Holden Observatory (1887)<ref name="holden" /> was followed by two Romanesque Revival buildings&nbsp;– [[Ranke Library|von Ranke Library]] (1889), now Tolley Humanities Building,<ref name="tolley2" /> and [[Crouse College]] (1889).<ref name="crouse1" /> Together with the [[Hall of Languages, Syracuse University|Hall of Languages]], these first buildings formed the basis for the "Old Row," a grouping which, along with its companion Lawn, established one of Syracuse's most enduring images.{{sfn|Gorney|2006}} The emphatically linear organization of these buildings along the brow of the hill follows a tradition of American campus planning which dates to the construction of the "[[Old Campus|Yale Row]]" in the 1790s. At Syracuse, "The Old Row" continued to provide the framework for growth well into the twentieth century.{{sfn|Gorney|2006}}

[[File:Syracuse-university 1908 winter.jpg|thumb|Left to right: [[Hall of Languages, Syracuse University|Hall of Languages]] and [[Ranke Library|
Von Ranke Library]]<ref name="tolley1" />]]

From its founding until the early 1920s, the university grew rapidly. It offered programs in the physical sciences and modern languages, and in 1873, Syracuse added one of the first architecture programs in the U.S.{{sfn|Greene|Baron|1996}} It was also the first institution to grant a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)]] degree in the United States.<ref name="Syracuse University History 2"/> In 1874, Syracuse created the nation's first bachelor of fine arts degree.<ref name="Syracuse University History" /> In 1876, the school offered its first post-graduate courses in the College of Arts and Sciences.{{sfn|Greene|Baron|1996}} SU created its first doctoral program in 1911.<ref name="SU1906" /> In 1919, Syracuse added its business school which contains multiple MBA programs.<ref name="whitman1" /> SU's school of journalism, now the [[S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications]], was established at Syracuse in 1934.<ref name="SU1931" />

The growth of Syracuse University from a small liberal arts college into a major comprehensive university was due to the efforts of two men, Chancellor [[James Roscoe Day]] and [[John Dustin Archbold]]. James Roscoe Day was serving the Calvary Church in New York City, where he befriended Archbold. Together, the two dynamic figures would oversee the first of two great periods of campus renewal in Syracuse's history.{{sfn|Greene|2000}}

John Dustin Archbold was a capitalist, philanthropist, and President of the Board of Trustees at Syracuse University. He was known as John D. Rockefeller's right-hand man and successor at the [[Standard Oil]] Company. He was a close friend of Syracuse University Chancellor James R. Day and gave almost $6&nbsp;million to the University over his lifetime.{{sfn|Greene|2000}} Said a journalist in 1917:
<blockquote>Mr. Archbold's ... is the president of the board of trustees of Syracuse University, an institution which has prospered so remarkably since his connection with it that its student roll has increased from hundreds to over 4,000, including 1,500 young women, placing it in the ranks of the foremost institutions of learning in the United States.<ref name="Men who are making America" /></blockquote>

[[File:Syracuse-university bowne-hall.jpg|thumb|From left to right: Bowne Hall,<ref name="bowne_hall" /> Carnegie Library,<ref name="carnegie_library" /> Archbold Gymnasium<ref name="Archbold_Gym" />]]

In 1905, James D. Phelps secured a donation of $150,000 from [[Andrew Carnegie]] for a new university library provided the University raised an equal sum as an endowment for the library. The University raised the required endowment in a little over a month, with the largest share being contributed by Archbold.<ref name="Carnegie donation 1905"/> On September 11, 1907, the transfer of the [[Leopold von Ranke|Von Ranke]] collection from the old library building marking the opening of the new [[Carnegie library]] with a collection of over 71,000 volumes.<ref name="carnegie_library" />

In addition to keeping the University financially solvent during its early years, Archbold also contributed funds for eight buildings, including the full cost of [[Archbold Stadium]] (opened 1907, demolished 1978),<ref name="archbold_Consolidated"/> Sims Hall<ref name="sims_hall" /> (men's dormitory, 1907), the [[Archbold Gymnasium]] (1909, nearly destroyed by fire in 1947, but still in use), and the oval athletic field.

===Modern===
[[File:Syracuse-university 1920 quad.jpg|thumb|The Old Row, campus of Syracuse University, 1920]] 

After [[World War II]], Syracuse University transformed into a major research institution. Enrollment increased in the four years after the war due to the [[G.I. Bill]], which paid tuition, room, board, and a small allowance for veterans returning from World War II.<ref name="GI Bill exhibit" /> In 1946, the University admitted 9,464 freshmen, nearly four times greater than the previous incoming class.<ref name="SU1931" /> Branch campuses were established in [[Endicott, New York]], and [[Utica, New York]], which became [[Binghamton University]] and [[Utica University]] respectively.

By the end of the 1950s, Syracuse ranked twelfth nationally in terms of the amount of its sponsored research, and it had over four hundred professors and graduate students engaging in that investigation.{{sfn|Greene|Baron|1996}} From the early 1950s through the 1960s, Syracuse University added programs and staff that continued the transformation of the school into a research university. In 1954, Arthur Phillips was recruited from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] and started the first [[pathogen]]-free animal research laboratory. The lab focused on studying medical problems using animal models. The School of Social Work, which eventually merged into the College of Human Ecology, was founded in 1956.<ref name="Syracuse University History, 1951–1960" /> Syracuse's [[Syracuse University College of Engineering and Computer Science|College of Engineering]] also founded the nation's second-oldest computer engineering and bioengineering programs. In 1962, [[Samuel Irving Newhouse Sr.]] donated $15&nbsp;million to begin construction of a school of communications, eventually known as the [[S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications]]. In 1966, Syracuse University was admitted to the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref name="Syracuse University History, 1961–1970" />

===1988 crash of Pan Am Flight 103===
{{main|Pan Am Flight 103}}
[[File:Syracuse University Flight 103 Memorial.jpg|thumb|SU's Flight 103 Memorial]]

On December 21, 1988, 35 Syracuse University students were killed in the terrorist bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] over [[Lockerbie, Scotland|Lockerbie]], Scotland. The students were returning from a study-abroad program in Europe. That evening, Syracuse University went on with a basketball game just hours after the attack, for which the university was severely criticized and the university's chancellor subsequently apologized.<ref name="Conduct" /><ref name="lockerbie_basketball" /> The bombing of Flight 103 was the deadliest terrorist attack against the United States prior to the [[September 11 attacks|attacks on September 11, 2001]].<ref name="lockerbie" /><ref name="Lockerbie1" />

In April 1990, Syracuse University dedicated a memorial wall to the students killed on Flight 103, constructed at the entrance to the main campus in front of the Hall of Languages. Every year the university holds "Remembrance Week" during the fall semester to commemorate the students. The university also maintains a link to the tragedy with the "Remembrance Scholars" program, when 35 senior students receive scholarships during their final year at the university. With the "Lockerbie Scholars" program, two graduating students from Lockerbie Academy study at Syracuse for one year.<ref name="Lockerbie Scholars" />

=== #NotAgainSU ===
{{Main article|NotAgainSU}}
<nowiki>#</nowiki>NotAgainSU is a student-led organization that began after racist incidents at [[Syracuse University]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diavolo |first=Lucy |date=2019-11-20 |title=Syracuse Students Demand Action After Racist Incident Spree |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/notagainsu-sit-in-protest-racist-incidents-syracuse-university |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> In response, students organized a sit-in where they occupied, and presented a list of 19 demands for Chancellor [[Kent Syverud]] to sign. After several protests, some taking place at his personal residence, the list was signed with revisions on November 21.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-14 |title=BEHIND THE PROTEST: One year after the formation of #NotAgainSU |url=https://dailyorange.com/2020/11/story-movement-one-year-formation-notagainsu/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Daily Orange |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |last2=McMahon |first2=Julie |date=2019-11-21 |title=Syracuse University protesters demand Chancellor Syverud's resignation |url=https://www.syracuse.com/syracuse-university/2019/11/syracuse-university-protesters-to-demand-syveruds-resignation.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=syracuse |language=en}}</ref>