Editing Symbiosis (section)

== Definition ==

[[File:Symbiotic relationships diagram.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|Diagram of the six possible types of symbiotic relationship, from mutual benefit to mutual harm.]]

The definition of ''symbiosis'' was a matter of debate for 130 years.<ref>{{Citation |title=Symbiosis: 'Living together' in chaos |last1=Martin |first1=Bradford D. |last2=Schwab |first2=Ernest |year=2012 |journal=Studies in the History of Biology |volume=4 |issue=4|pages=7–25}}</ref> In 1877, [[Albert Bernhard Frank]] used the term ''symbiosis'' to describe the mutualistic relationship found in [[lichen]]s.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Frank |first1=A.B. |title=Über die biologischen Verhältnisse des Thallus einiger Krustflechten |journal=Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen |date=1877 |volume=2 |pages=123–200 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015001236531&view=1up&seq=153 |trans-title=On the biological relationships of the thallus of some crustose lichens |language=de}} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015001236531&view=1up&seq=225 From p. 195:] ''"Nach den erweiterten Kenntnissen, die wir in den letzten Jahren über das Zusammenleben zweier verschiedenartiger Wesen gewonnen haben, ist es ein dringendes Bedürfniss, die einzelnen von einander abweichenden Formen dieser Verhältnisse mit besonderen Bezeichnungen to belegen, da man fast für alle bisher den Ausdruck Parasitsmus gebrauchte. Wir müssen sämmtliche Fälle, wo überhaupt ein Auf- oder Ineinanderwohnen zweier verschiedener Species stattfindet, unter einen weitesten Begriff bringen, welcher die Rolle, die beide Wesen dabei spielen, noch nicht berücksichtigt, also auf das blosse Zusammenleben begründet ist, und wofür sich die Bezeichnung ''Symbiotismus'' empfehlen dürfte."'' (In the aftermath of the expanded knowledge that we have acquired in recent years about the coexistence of two distinct living things, there is an urgent need to bestow specific designations on the different individual forms of these relationships, since up till now one has used for almost all [of them] the term "parasitism". We must bring all cases, wherever one of two different species lives on or in the other, under the broadest concept which does not consider the roles that the two living things play thereby ([and] thus is based on mere coexistence) and for which the designation ''symbiotismus'' [i.e., symbiosis] might be suggested.)</ref><ref>{{OED|symbiosis}}</ref> In 1878, the German [[Mycology|mycologist]] [[Heinrich Anton de Bary]] defined it more broadly as "the living together of unlike organisms".<ref>{{cite journal |last=de Bary |first=Heinrich Anton |author-link=Heinrich Anton de Bary |title=Ueber Symbiose |journal=Tageblatt für die Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte (in Cassel) [Daily Journal for the Conference of German Scientists and Physicians] |date=14 September 1878 |volume=51 |pages=121–126 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c160940&view=1up&seq=167 |trans-title=On Symbiosis |language=de}} From p. 121: ''" ... des Zusammenlebens ungleichnamiger Organismen, der Symbiose, ... "'' ( ... of the living together of unlike organisms, symbiosis, ... )
* Reprinted in: {{cite book |last=de Bary |first=Heinrich Anton |author-link=Heinrich Anton de Bary |title=Die Erscheinung der Symbiose |trans-title=The Phenomenon of Symbiosis |date=1879 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |location=Strassburg, Germany (now: Strasbourg, France) |page=[https://archive.org/details/DieErscheinungDerSymbiose/page/n8 5] |url=https://archive.org/details/DieErscheinungDerSymbiose |language=de |ref=none}}
* French translation: {{cite journal  |last=de Bary |first=Heinrich Anton |author-link=Heinrich Anton de Bary |title=De la symbiose |journal=Revue Internationale des Sciences |date=1879 |volume=3 |pages=301–309 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/50389#page/315/mode/1up |trans-title=On symbiosis |language=fr|ref=none}} See p. 301.
* See also: {{cite journal |last1=Egerton |first1=Frank N. |title=History of ecological sciences, Part 52: Symbiosis studies |journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|date=January 2015 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=80–139 |doi=10.1890/0012-9623-96.1.80 |bibcode=2015BuESA..96...80E |doi-access=free |ref=none }}</ref><ref name="Wilkinson-2001">{{cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=David M. |title=At cross purposes |journal=Nature |volume=412 |issue=6846 |pages=485 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11484028 |doi=10.1038/35087676 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2001Natur.412..485W }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Douglas|1994|p=1}}</ref> Over time, the definition has varied among scientists. Some have argued that it should refer only to persistent [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualisms]], while others have proposed that it should include all long-term biological interactions (i.e., mutualism, [[commensalism]], and [[parasitism]]), but exclude brief interactions such as [[predation]].<ref name="Douglas-2010">{{harvnb|Douglas|2010|pp=5–12}}</ref>

In 1949, [[Edward Haskell]] proposed an integrative approach with a classification of "co-actions",<ref>Haskell, E. F. (1949). A clarification of social science. ''Main Currents in Modern Thought'' 7: 45–51.</ref> which was later adopted by biologists as "interactions".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Burkholder |first=P.R. |date=1952 |title=Cooperation and Conflict among Primitive Organisms |journal=American Scientist |volume=40 |number=4 |pages=601–631 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826458 |jstor=27826458}}</ref><ref>{{cite book  |last=Bronstein |first=J.L. |date=2015 |chapter=The study of mutualism. |editor-last=Bronstein |editor-first=J.L. |title=Mutualism |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-967565-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVDAAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pringle |first1=Elizabeth G. |title=Orienting the Interaction Compass: Resource Availability as a Major Driver of Context Dependence |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=e2000891 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27732591 |pmc=5061325 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000891 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wootton |first1=J.T. |last2=Emmerson |first2=M. |title=Measurement of Interaction Strength in Nature |journal=[[Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics]] |volume=36 |pages=419–44 |year=2005 |jstor=30033811 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175535}}</ref>