Editing Sugar Land, Texas (section)

==History==
{{See also|History of Texas}}
===Sugar Land's founding===
Sugar Land has roots in the original Mexican [[land grant]] made to Anglo-American [[Stephen F. Austin]]. One of the first settlers of the land, Samuel M. Williams, called this area "Oakland Plantation". Williams' brother, Nathaniel, purchased the land from Austin in 1838.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfs10|title=SUGAR LAND, TX|first=BETTYE J.|last=ANHAISER|date=June 15, 2010|website=tshaonline.org}}</ref> They developed the [[plantations in the American South|plantation]] by growing [[cotton]], [[maize|corn]], and [[sugarcane]].

During these early years, the plantation was the center of social life along the Brazos River. In 1853, Benjamin Terry and William J. Kyle purchased the Oakland Plantation from the Williams family. Terry is known for organizing a division of [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and for naming the town.

Upon the deaths of Terry and Kyle, Colonel E. H. Cunningham bought the {{convert|12500|acre|adj=on}} plantation soon after the Civil War. He had a sugar-refining plant built here, and developed the town around it in 1879, platting the land and attracting settlers during the post-Reconstruction era.

===Company town===
[[File:The Sugar Land Refinery.jpg|200px|thumb|Sugar Land's former Imperial Sugar refinery|left]]
In 1906, the Kempner family of [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]], under the leadership of [[Isaac Herbert Kempner|Isaac H. Kempner]], and in partnership with Logan J. Copenhaver, purchased the {{convert|5300|acre|adj=on}} Ellis Plantation, one of the few plantations in Fort Bend County to survive the Civil War. The Ellis Plantation had originally been part of the Jesse Cartwright league; Will Ellis had operated it after the Civil War by a system of [[tenant farming]], made up mostly of African-American families who were previously enslaved on the land.

In 1908, the partnership acquired the adjoining {{convert|12500|acre|adj=on}} Cunningham Plantation, with its raw-sugar mill and cane-sugar refinery. The partnership changed the name to Imperial Sugar Company; Kempner associated the name "Imperial", which was also the name of a small raw-sugar mill on the Ellis Plantation, with the Imperial Hotel in New York City.

Around the turn of the 20th century, most of the sugarcane crops were destroyed by a harsh winter. As part of the Kempner-Copenhaver agreement, Copenhaver moved to the site to serve as general manager and build the [[Company town|company-owned town]] of Sugar Land.

The trains running through Sugar Land are on the route of the oldest railroad in Texas. They run adjacent to the sugar refinery, west of the town, and through the center of what used to be known as the [[Central Unit|Imperial State Prison Farm]]. It operated with [[convict lease]] labor. Between the end of the Civil War and 1912, more than 3,500 prisoners died in Texas as a result of the racist convict leasing program. Archaeologists have uncovered unmarked graves of African Americans from this period in the region around Sugar Land's prison and sugar factory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/07/18/bodies-of-95-black-forced-labor-prisoners-from-jim-crow-era-unearthed-in-sugar-land-after-one-mans-quest/|title=Bodies believed to be those of 95 black forced-labor prisoners from Jim Crow era unearthed in Sugar Land after one man's quest|first=Meagan |last=Flynn|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2018/07/16/295915/uncovered-remains-at-forgotten-sugar-land-grave-site-tell-their-own-texas-history-story/|title=Uncovered Remains At Forgotten Sugar Land Grave Site Tell Their Own Texas History Story|first=Elizabeth|last=Trovall|date=July 16, 2018|website=Houston Public Media}}</ref> Since the early 21st century, this area has been largely redeveloped as the suburban planned community of [[Telfair, Sugar Land|Telfair]].

As a company town from the 1910s until 1959, Sugar Land was virtually self-contained. Imperial Sugar Company provided housing for the workers, encouraged construction of schools, built a hospital to treat workers, and provided businesses to meet the workers' needs. Many of the original houses built by the Imperial Sugar Company remain today in The Hill and Mayfield Park areas of Sugar Land, and have been passed down through generations of family members.

During the 1950s, Imperial Sugar wanted to expand the town by building more houses. It developed a new subdivision, Venetian Estates, which featured waterfront homesites on [[Oyster Creek (Texas)|Oyster Creek]] and on man-made lakes.

===Development of city===
As the company town expanded, so did the interest of establishing a [[municipal government]]. Voters chose to make Sugar Land a [[general-law city]] in 1959, with T. E. Harman becoming the first [[mayor]].

In the early 1960s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.covingtonwoods.net/documents.html|title=Documents|website=M. Campbell|access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> a new [[Subdivision (land)|subdivision]] development called Covington Woods was constructed. Later that year, the Imperial Cattle Ranch sold about {{convert|1200|acre}} to a developer to create what became Sugar Creek in 1968. As a master-planned community, Sugar Creek introduced the concept of [[country club]] living to Sugar Land. Custom houses were built to surround two [[golf course]]s, and country clubs, swimming pools, and a private home security service were part of the amenities developed.

The success of Sugar Creek, buoyed by the construction of [[U.S. Route 59 in Texas|U.S. Highway 59]], quickly made Sugar Land's vast farmlands attractive to real-estate developers for residential housing. In 1977, development began on [[First Colony]], a master-planned community encompassing {{convert|10000|acre}}. Developed by a [[Gerald D. Hines|Gerald Hines]]-led consortium that became known as Sugarland Properties Inc., development on First Colony would continue over the next 30 years. The master-planned community offered homebuyers formal landscaping, neighborhoods segmented by price range, extensive [[green belt]]s, a golf course and country club, lakes and boulevards, neighborhood amenities, and shopping.

Around the same time as First Colony, another master-planned community development called Sugar Mill was started in the northern portion of Sugar Land,<ref>[https://archive.today/20130125131422/http://www.hoatown.com/sugarmillhoa] </ref> offering traditional, lakefront, and estate lots. The master-planned communities of Greatwood and New Territory, at the time situated west of the city in what was then its extraterritorial jurisdiction, also began to be developed by the end of the 1980s.

In addition to the development of master-planned communities targeted at commuters from Houston, Sugar Land began attracting the attention of major corporations throughout the 1980s. Many chose to base their operations in the city. [[Fluor Corporation|Fluor Daniel]], [[Schlumberger]], [[Unocal]], and others began to locate offices and facilities in the city. This resulted in a favorable 40/60 ratio of residential to commercial tax base within the city.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

In 1981, a special city election was held for the purpose of establishing a [[home-rule]] [[municipal government]]. Voters approved the adoption of a home-rule charter, which established a [[mayor-council]] form of government, with all powers of the city vested in a council composed of a mayor and five councilmen, elected from [[single-member districts]].

A special city election was held August 9, 1986, to submit the proposed changes to the electorate for consideration. By a majority of the voters, amendments to the charter were approved that provided for a change in the city's form of government from that of "mayor-council" (strong mayor) to that of a "[[council-manager]]" form of government, which provides for a professional [[city manager]] to be the chief administrative officer of the city. Approval of this [[Bill (law)|amendment]] authorized the mayor to be a voting member of council, in addition to performing duties as presiding officer of the council.

Sugar Land annexed Sugar Creek in 1986, after the latter community was nearly built-out. 
That same year, the city organized the largest celebration in its history, the Texas Sesquicentennial Celebration, celebrating 150 years of Texan independence from Mexican rule (DGA). 

===Suburban expansion===
[[Image:OysterCreekPark.JPG|right|thumb|Oyster Creek Park]]
An amendment on May 5, 1990, changed the composition of the city council, adding a mayor and two council members, each to be elected [[at-large]], to the five-member council. The at-large positions require election by a majority of voters, which reduces representation of any minority interests.

Throughout much of the 1990s, Sugar Land grew rapidly. The majority of residents are [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] and college-educated, working in [[Houston]]'s energy industry. An abundance of commercial development, with numerous low-rise office buildings, banks, and high-class restaurants, has taken place along both [[Interstate 69 in Texas|Interstate 69]]/[[U.S. Route 59 in Texas|U.S. Highway 59]] and [[Texas State Highway 6|State Highway 6]].

Sugar Land added to its tax base with the opening of [[First Colony Mall]] in 1996. The more than one-million-square-foot (100,000 m<sup>2</sup>) [[shopping mall|mall]], the first in Fort Bend County, is located at the busiest intersection of the city: Interstate 69/U.S. 59 and State Highway 6. The mall was named after the {{convert|10000|acre|adj=on}} master-planned community of First Colony.

In November 1997, Sugar Land annexed the remaining municipal utility districts of the {{convert|10000|acre|adj=on}} First Colony master-planned community, bringing the city's population to almost 60,000. This was Sugar Land's largest annexation at the time.

===After 2000===
Sugar Land boasted the highest growth among Texas' largest cities, per the [[U.S. Census]] 2000, when it had a population of 63,328. In 2003, Sugar Land became a "principal" city, recognized in the metropolitan area's official title change to Houston–Sugar&nbsp;Land–Baytown, with Sugar Land replacing [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]] as the second-most important city in the metropolitan area after Houston. The metro area is now officially referred to as the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area.

With its population increase, the city needed to attract [[higher education]] facilities. In 2002, the University of Houston System at Fort Bend moved to a new {{convert|250|acre|adj=on}} campus located off the University Boulevard and Interstate 69/U.S. 59 intersection. The city helped fund the Albert and Mamie George Building, and as a result, the multi-institution teaching center was renamed as the [[University of Houston Sugar Land]].

In 2003, the Imperial Sugar Company refinery plant and distribution center were closed, but the effect on the local economy was minimal. Sugar Land has become an affluent Houston suburb rather than the [[blue-collar]], [[agriculture]]-dependent town it was a generation ago. Many of its lower-income residents, including African American workers who at one time made up the majority working sugarcane, have been displaced and have had to seek work and housing elsewhere. The company maintains its headquarters in Sugar Land.

[[File:Telfair Entrance Sign.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Telfair master-planned community]]
The Texas Department of Transportation sold {{convert|2018|acre}} of prison land in the western portion of Sugar Land to Newland Communities, a developer, by bid in 2003. The developer announced plans to build a new master-planned community called [[Telfair, Sugar Land|Telfair]] in this location. In July 2004, Sugar Land annexed all of this land into the city limits to control the quality of development, extending the city limits westward. This was unusual, since Sugar Land had earlier annexed only built-out areas, not lands prior to development.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

In December 2005, Sugar Land annexed the recently built-out, master-planned community of Avalon and four sections of Brazos Landing subdivision, adding about 3,200 residents. The city eventually annexed the communities of River Park, [[Greatwood, Texas|Greatwood]], and [[New Territory, Texas|New Territory]], with the latter two being annexed on December 12, 2017, bringing the city proper's population to 117,869.

In the 2010s, development began on the Imperial master-planned community, located in undeveloped territory east of Sugar Land Regional Airport and incorporating the former refinery property of Imperial Sugar Company. This development includes [[Constellation Field]], home of the [[Sugar Land Space Cowboys]], originally an independent baseball team but later a member of affiliated [[Minor League Baseball]]. Retail needs are to be served in the planned Imperial Market development. In 2017, the 6,400-seat [[Smart Financial Centre]] concert hall opened.