Editing Sudbury, Massachusetts (section)

==History==
Incorporated  in 1639, the boundaries of Sudbury included (by 1653) what is now  [[Wayland, Massachusetts|Wayland]] (which split off in 1780, initially as East Sudbury), and parts of present day [[Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham]], [[Marlborough, Massachusetts|Marlborough]], [[Stow, Massachusetts|Stow]] and [[Maynard, Massachusetts|Maynard]] (the latter town splitting off in 1871).<ref name=1639mapsud>{{cite web|title=Historical Maps of Sudbury|url=http://www.jch.com/sudbury/index.html|work=Sudbury Massachusetts town website|publisher=Town of Sudbury, MA|access-date=July 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mark |first=David A. |title =Hidden History of Maynard |publisher=The History Press |date=2014 |pages=11–18 |isbn=978-1-62619-541-7}}</ref> [[Nipmuc]] Indians lived in what is now Sudbury, including [[Tantamous]], a medicine man, and his son [[Peter Jethro]], who deeded a large parcel of land to Sudbury for settlement in 1684.<ref name="Gutteridge">Gutteridge, William H. (1921). [https://archive.org/details/abriefhistoryto00guttgoog ''A Brief History of the Town of Maynard, Massachusetts'']. Maynard, MA: Town of Maynard, p. 13-16</ref>

The original town center and meetinghouse were located near the [[Sudbury River]] at what is now known as Wayland's North Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sudbury Historical Society |title=A Brief History of the Town of Sudbury, Massachusetts |url=http://www.sudbury01776.org/saved_pages/SudburySeniorCenter_HistoryOfSudbury.html |website=Sudbury Historical Society |access-date=August 5, 2019}}</ref> For the residents on the west side of the river, it was a treacherous passage in the winter and attendance at both worship services and Town Meetings was compulsory.<ref name="Hudson">{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Alfred Soreno |title=The History of Sudbury, Massachusetts. 1638-1889 |date=1889 |publisher=The Town of Sudbury |location=Sudbury, MA |page=288}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zimmerman |first1=Joseph Francis |title=The New England Town Meeting |date=1999 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0275965236 |pages=18, 23}}</ref>  In 1723 the West Parish meetinghouse was built west of the river at an area known as Rocky Plains (presently the Town Center). It served as a place for both worship and Town Meetings.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Sudbury, Massachusetts, 1638-1889 |page=293 |ref=Hudson}}</ref> The church and town separated in 1836 and a new Town House was built in 1846.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Sudbury, Massachusetts, 1638-1889 |page=476 |ref=Hudson}}</ref> Since then, the [[Sudbury Center Historic District]] has changed little, with the exception of the Town Hall, built in 1932 to replace the Town House, which burnt down in 1930.

Sudbury also contributed the most militia during [[King Philip's War]] and was the site of the well-known [[attack on Sudbury]].<ref name="Gutteridge" /> [[Ephraim Curtis]] was a successful leader of the militia of West Sudbury and would lend his name to the town's junior high school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sudbury.ma.us/services/seniorcenter/custom/hal/kpwar.htm |title=King Philip's War and The Sudbury Fight}}</ref><ref name=powers>{{cite book |first=John Christopher |last=Powers |title=We shall not tamely give it up |asin=B0006ESFZW |url=http://www.sudbury01776.org/store.html |publisher=Privately printed, available from Sudbury Historical Society |year=1988 |access-date=May 11, 2009 |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630143328/http://www.sudbury01776.org/store.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|24–75}} Sudbury militiamen participated in the [[battles of Lexington and Concord]] in 1775, where they sniped at [[British Army]] troops returning to [[Boston]].

One of Sudbury's historic landmarks, the [[Wayside Inn (Sudbury)|Wayside Inn]], claims to be the country's oldest operating inn, built and run by the Howe family for many generations. [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] wrote ''[[Tales of a Wayside Inn]]'', a book of poems published in 1863. In the book, the poem ''The Landlord's Tale'' was the source of the immortal phrase "listen my children and you shall hear, of the midnight ride of Paul Revere." [[Henry Ford]] bought the inn in 1923, restored it and donated it to a charitable foundation which continues to run it as an operating inn to this day. Ford also built a boys' school on the property, as well as a grist mill, and the Martha-Mary Chapel. He brought in the Redstone Schoolhouse from [[Sterling, Massachusetts|Sterling]], which was reputed to be the school in [[Sarah Josepha Hale]]'s [[nursery rhyme]] ''[[Mary Had a Little Lamb]]''.<ref>{{ cite book |last=Roulstone |first=John |author2=Mary (Sawyer) |title=The Story of Mary's Little Lamb |publisher=Mr. & Mrs. Henry Ford |location=Dearborn |year=1928 |pages=8}}</ref><ref>"About America's Oldest Inn," Longfellow's Wayside Inn Web site (http://www.wayside.org/about), Retrieved July 25, 2014.</ref> However, Giuseppi Cavicchio's refusal to sell his water rights scuttled [[Henry Ford]]'s plans to build an auto parts factory at the site of Charles O. Parmenter's mill in South Sudbury.<ref name="Garfield" />

In August 1925, a Sudbury farm was the scene of a riot between local members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and [[Irish-American]] youths from the area. Five people were wounded by gunshots, and the [[Massachusetts State Police|State Police]] arrested over 100 Klansmen. [[Massachusetts]] officials cracked down on the group's meetings thereafter, and the Klan died out in the area.<ref name="Garfield">{{cite book|author=Garfield, Curtis F |title=Sudbury, 1890–1989 100 Years in the Life of a Town |publisher=Porcupine Enterprises |year=1999 |isbn=0-9621976-3-7}}</ref>

In the period after World War II, Sudbury experienced rapid growth in population and industry. Defense contractor [[Raytheon]] was a significant employer, operating a large research facility in Sudbury from 1958 until 2016. Another major employer in that period was [[Sperry Rand]]. In the 1970s, the town was home to many of the engineers working in the [[minicomputer]] revolution at [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] in nearby Maynard. Sudbury was also one of the largest carnation-growing towns, with many greenhouse operations.

From 1960–1969, Sudbury challenged and prevailed against a proposal by [[Boston Edison Company]] that would have installed overhead transmission lines through what is now [[Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge]]. Ultimately, the line was instead buried under streets to Maynard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sudbury.ma.us/historicalinfoarticles/2001/04/09/sudbury-1890-1989-100-years-in-the-life-of-a-town-chapter-21/|title=Sudbury, 1890–1989, 100 years in the Life of a Town (Chapter 21) » Informational – Historic Articles|website=sudbury.ma.us|language=en-US|access-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> From 2017–2023, Sudbury challenged a proposal by [[Eversource Energy|Eversource]] to install buried transmission lines under the former [[Central Massachusetts Railroad|Massachusetts Central Railroad]] right of way from Sudbury to Hudson now owned by the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Piper |first=Gordon H. |date=2018-09-28 |title=Sudbury vs. Mass. Bay Transportation Authority, MISC 17-000562 |url=http://masscases.com/cases/land/2018/2018-17-000562-ORDER.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Massachusetts Cases}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehan |first=Richard |date=March 15, 2019 |title=Recommended Final Decision on Motions to Dismiss for Lack of Standing and Motion to Intervene by Ten Citizen Group, Docket No. 2018-01-RL |url=https://www.mass.gov/doc/sudbury-final-decision/download |access-date=2019-08-26 |website=Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gants |first=Ralph D. |author-link=Ralph Gants |last2=Lenk |first2=Barbara A. |author-link2=Barbara Lenk |last3=Gaziano |first3=Frank M. |author-link3=Frank_Gaziano |last4=Lowy |first4=David A. |author-link4=David A. Lowy |last5=Budd |first5=Kimberly S. |author-link5=Kimberly S. Budd |last6=Cypher |first6=Elspeth B. |author-link6=Elspeth B. Cypher |last7=Kafker |first7=Scott L. |author-link7=Scott L. Kafker |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Sudbury vs. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, 485 Mass. 774 |url=http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/485/485mass774.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Massachusetts Cases}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buckley |first=Elaine M. |date=July 27, 2021 |title=Memorandum of Decision and Order on Cross Motions for Judgement on the Pleadings, Docket No. 2084CV00151 |url=https://cdn.sudbury.ma.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/342/2022/08/Superior-Court-Decision-in-MEPA-Appeal_8.05.2021.pdf |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Town of Sudbury, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Budd |first=Kimberly S. |author-link=Kimberly_S._Budd |last2=Gaziano |first2=Frank M. |author-link2=Frank Gaziano |last3=Lowy |first3=David A. |author-link3=David A. Lowy |last4=Cypher |first4=Elspeth B. |author-link4=Elspeth B. Cypher |last5=Kafker |first5=Scott L. |author-link5=Scott L. Kafker |last6=Wendlandt |first6=Dalila Argaez |author-link6=Dalila Argaez Wendlandt |last7=Georges Jr. |first7=Serge |author-link7=Serge Georges Jr. |date=June 25, 2021 |title=Sudbury vs. Energy Facilities Siting Board, 487 Mass. 737 |url=http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/487/487mass737.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Massachusetts Cases}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fuchs |first1=Patrick J. |author-link=Patrick Fuchs |last2=Hedlund |first2=Karen J. |author-link2=Karen Hedlund |last3=Oberman |first3=Martin J. |author-link3=Martin J. Oberman |last4=Primus |first4=Robert E. |author-link4=Robert E. Primus |last5=Schultz |first5=Michelle A. |author-link5=Michelle A. Schultz |date=February 2, 2022 |title=Decision, Docket No. FD 36493, Protect Sudbury Inc. — Petition for Declaratory Order |url=https://dcms-external.s3.amazonaws.com/DCMS_External_PROD/1643815805751/50926.pdf |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Surface Transportation Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuchs |first=Patrick J. |author-link=Patrick Fuchs |last2=Hedlund |first2=Karen J. |author-link2=Karen Hedlund |last3=Oberman |first3=Martin J. |author-link3=Martin J. Oberman |last4=Primus |first4=Robert E. |author-link4=Robert E. Primus |last5=Schultz |first5=Michelle A. |author-link5=Michelle A. Schultz |date=December 12, 2022 |title=Decision, Docket No. FD 36623, Rail line Abutting Landowners—Verified Petition for Declaratory Order |url=https://dcms-external.s3.amazonaws.com/DCMS_External_PROD/1670863978570/51395.pdf |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Surface Transportation Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaHaise |first=Kevin |date=2023-01-20 |title=Land Owners to Land Court: Mulligan, Please? |url=https://tinyletter.com/SudburyWeekly/letters/sudbury-weekly-a-puzzling-week |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003175504/https://tinyletter.com/SudburyWeekly/letters/sudbury-weekly-a-puzzling-week |archive-date=2023-10-03 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Sudbury Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LaHaise |first=Kevin |date=2023-07-14 |title=Eversource Project: Land Court Case Voluntarily Dismissed |url=https://tinyletter.com/SudburyWeekly/letters/sudbury-weekly-fall-is-coming |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004221912/https://tinyletter.com/SudburyWeekly/letters/sudbury-weekly-fall-is-coming |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Sudbury Weekly}}</ref> None of these lawsuits were found to have merit, and the buried transmission lines were installed by 2024, which also subsidized the majority of the cost and construction of a {{Convert|7.6|mi|adj=on}} section of the [[Mass Central Rail Trail—Wayside]], which was paved in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudbury to Hudson Project |url=https://www.eversource.com/content/residential/about/transmission-distribution/projects/massachusetts-projects/sudbury-to-hudson-project |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Eversource |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Autler |first=Gerald |date=2024-09-01 |title=Mass Central Rail Trail - Wayside |url=https://www.mass.gov/info-details/mass-central-rail-trail-wayside |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation |language=en}}</ref>

Residentially, Sudbury's {{convert|1|acre|m2|adj=on}} zoning bylaws helped the town maintain a more rural character through the 1970s and 1980s when developments of single-family [[American colonial architecture|Colonial]]s and large [[Cape Cod (house)|Cape]]s established it as an affluent location. Economic growth was restricted to the town's main thoroughfare, [[U.S. Route 20|US Route 20]]. Significant tracts of open space—including much wetland—were preserved in the northern half of town and along the Hop Brook corridor flowing from the [[Wayside Inn Historic District]] in the southwest part of town through the King Philip Historic District (the site of a conflict in [[King Philip's War]]) and into the [[Sudbury River]] at the southeast border with Wayland. A significant portion of the [[Assabet River National Wildlife Refuge]] (opened in 2005) is located in Sudbury.