Editing Subculture (section)

==Definitions==
The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines subculture, in regards to sociological and cultural anthropology, as "an identifiable subgroup within a society or group of people, esp. one characterized by beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger group; the distinctive ideas, practices, or way of life of such a subgroup."<ref name="OED">{{Cite OED|subculture|id=192545}}</ref> Some subcultures are formed by members with characteristics or preferences that differ from the majority of society, who generally have a preference for body modifications such as [[tattoo]]s, punctures, and certain forms of plastic surgery.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Niosi |first=Andrea |date=2021-06-25 |title=Subcultures |url=https://opentextbc.ca/introconsumerbehaviour/chapter/subcultures/ |journal=https://opentextbc.ca/introconsumerbehaviour/chapter/subcultures/ |language=en}}</ref>

Unlike mainstream social relationships, subcultural communities are characterized by transience, informality, and a lack of typical social kinship relationships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subcultures - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/subcultures |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref>

As early as 1950, [[David Riesman]] distinguished between a [[majority]], "which passively accepted [[Commerce|commercially]] provided styles and meanings, and a 'subculture' which actively sought a minority style ... and interpreted it in accordance with [[Subversion (politics)|subversive]] [[Value (personal and cultural)|values]]".<ref>Middleton 1990</ref> In his 1979 book ''[[Subculture: The Meaning of Style]]'', [[Dick Hebdige]] argued that a subculture is a [[subversion]] to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as negative due to their nature of criticism to the dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subculture brings together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and allow them to develop a sense of identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erikclabaugh.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/181899847-Subculture.pdf|title=Subculture: the meaning of style|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|date=1979}}</ref>

In 1995, [[Sarah Thornton]], drawing on [[Pierre Bourdieu]], described "subcultural capital" as the cultural knowledge and commodities acquired by members of a subculture, raising their status and helping differentiate themselves from members of other groups.<ref>Thornton 1995</ref> In 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society.<ref name="Gelder 2007">Gelder 2007</ref> Gelder further proposed six key ways in which subcultures can be identified through their:
# often negative relations to work (as 'idle', 'parasitic', at play or at leisure, etc.);
# negative or ambivalent relation to class (since subcultures are not 'class-conscious' and do not conform to traditional class definitions);
# association with territory (the 'street', the 'hood', the club, etc.), rather than property;
# movement out of the home and into non-domestic forms of belonging (i.e. social groups other than the [[family]]);
# stylistic ties to excess and exaggeration (with some exceptions);
# refusal of the banalities of ordinary life and massification.<ref name="Gelder 2007"/>

Sociologists [[Gary Alan Fine]] and [[Sherryl Kleinman]] argued that their 1979 research showed that a subculture is a group that serves to motivate a potential member to adopt the artifacts, behaviors, norms, and values characteristic of the group.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fine|first1=Gary Alan|last2=Kleinman|first2=Sherryl|date=1979|title=Rethinking Subculture: An Interactionist Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2778065|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=85|issue=1|pages=1–20|doi=10.1086/226971|jstor=2778065|s2cid=144955053|issn=0002-9602}}</ref>

Contemporary subcultures typically refer to popular culture, including animation, comics, video games, and popular music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is subculture? |url=https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=FutureLearn |language=en-US}}</ref>