Editing Style (form of address) (section)

==Examples==

===Academia===

Traditional forms of address at [[German language|German]]-speaking universities:
*His/Her Magnificence – rector (president) of a university
*His/Her Notability ({{lang|de|Seine Spektabilität}}; Professors have the privilege to use the Latin {{lang|la|Spectabilis}}) – dean of a faculty

Traditional forms of address at [[Dutch language|Dutch]]-speaking universities:
*His/Her Great Honour ({{lang|nl|Edelgrootachtbare heer/vrouwe}}) – rector magnificus (president) of a university
*Highly Learned Sir/Madam ({{lang|nl|Hooggeleerde heer/vrouwe}}) – professor or dean of a faculty
*Well (Noble) Very Learned Sir/Madam ({{lang|nl|Weledelzeergeleerde heer/vrouwe}}) – a doctor
*Well (Noble) Learned Sir/Madam ({{lang|nl|De weledelgeleerde heer/vrouwe}}) – a [[doctorandus]]
*Well (Noble) Strictly Sir/Madam ({{lang|nl|De weledelgestrenge heer/vrouwe}}) – a master in laws ({{lang|nl|meester in de rechten}}) or a university engineer ({{lang|nl|ingenieur}})

Traditional forms of address at [[Italian language|Italian]]-speaking universities:
*Magnificent Rector ({{lang|it|magnifico rettore}}) – rector (president, chancellor) of a university
*Amplified Headmaster ({{lang|it|amplissimo preside}}) – dean of a faculty (now uncommon)
*Illustrious/Enlightened Professor ({{lang|it|chiarissimo professore}}) – a full professor

===Government===

====Diplomats====

*His [[Most Reverend]] Excellency (abbreviation ''His Most Rev. Ex.'', oral address ''Your Excellency'') – [[Nuncio|apostolic nuncio]]s, because their rank is equal to that of an [[ambassador]] extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and they are simultaneously higher [[prelate]]s.
*His/Her [[Excellency]] (abbreviation ''HE'', oral address ''Your Excellency'') – most [[ambassador]]s, [[high commissioner]]s and [[permanent representative]]s to international organizations. Occasionally a different form of address is used domestically with the international equivalent of ''Excellency'' being used in all other cases.

====Judiciaries====

*[[His Honour|His/Her Honour]] Judge X 
**Abbreviation ''HHJ X'', oral address ''Your Honour'' – Circuit judges in [[England and Wales]].
**[[The Honourable]] Mr./Ms. Justice X (abbreviation ''X J'', referential ''His Lordship/Her Ladyship''; oral address ''My Lord/Lady'' or ''Your Lordship/Your Ladyship'') – Judges of the [[High Court of Justice]] of England and Wales. 
**My Lord/Your Lordship is used to address judiciary representatives in [[India]].
** The Honorable (abbreviation ''The Hon.'', oral address ''Your Honor'') – Judges and justices in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samir |first=Mohamed |date=November 12, 2022 |title=10 Rules of Appearing in Court |url=https://baderscott.com/blog/how-to-address-a-judge-in-court-10-rules-of-etiquette/ |access-date=March 16, 2024 |website=badott.com |language=en}}</ref>
** Oral address ''Your Honour'' – All courts in [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2009 |title=No. 4 of 2005 – Form of Address |url=http://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/practice_directions/2005_No_4_-_Form_of_Address |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310235549/http://www.magistratescourt.tas.gov.au/practice_directions/2005_No_4_-_Form_of_Address |archive-date=10 March 2011 |access-date=4 January 2011 |work=Practice Directions |publisher=Magistrates Court of Tasmania}}</ref>
** [[The Right Honourable]] Lord/Lady Justice X (abbreviation ''X LJ'') – Judges of the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales]].
* Oral address ''Your Excellency'' – Judges of the [[International Court of Justice]].
* Oral address ''Your Worship'' – All courts in [[Australia]] (obsolete).
* The Lord/Lady/Baroness<ref>See [[Substantive title]]</ref> X (abbreviated to ''Lord/Lady/Baroness X'', referred to as ''His Lordship/Her Ladyship'', addressed orally as ''My Lord/My Lady'') – Judges in the [[High Court of Justiciary]] and the [[Court of Session]] in Scotland, and the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]].
* Oral address ''[[Worship (style)|Your Worship]]'' – [[Justice of the peace|Justices of the peace]] (magistrates) in the [[United Kingdom]], usually by solicitors.

====Monarchies====
{{Monarchism}}
*[[Sire]] (oral address first ''[[Majesty|Your Majesty]]'' and then ''Sire''; for a queen first ''Your Majesty'' and then ''[[Madam|Ma'am]]'') – Reigning [[king]]s in the [[United Kingdom]] and in [[Belgium]]. It has also been used in [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], [[Portugal]], [[Sweden]] and [[Spain]].
*His/Her [[Imperial Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HIM'', oral address ''Your Imperial Majesty'') – Emperors and empresses. Formerly, for example, HIM the Shah of Iran. In modern times, the [[Emperor of Japan]] more often uses the simpler style of "Majesty".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 12, 1990 |title=His Majesty Emperor Hirihito of Japan, K. G., 29 April 1901 - 7 January 1989 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |language=en |volume=36 |pages=241–272 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032 |issn=0080-4606 |via=royalsocietypublishing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colegrove |first=Kenneth |date=August 8, 1932 |title=The Japanese Emperor |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400022383/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=642–659 |doi=10.2307/1946532 |jstor=1946532 |issn=0003-0554 }}</ref>
*His/Her [[Imperial and Royal Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HI&RM'', oral address ''Your Imperial and Royal Majesty'') – Until 1918, the rulers of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]], who were Emperors/Empresses of Austria while also Kings/Queens of Hungary, and the German emperors/empresses, who were simultaneously [[Kingdom of Prussia|Kings/Queens of Prussia]].
*His/Her [[Apostolic Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HAM'', oral address ''Your Apostolic Majesty'') – the [[King of Hungary]], usually styled Imperial Majesty or Imperial and Royal Majesty as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, also sometimes Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty.
*His/Her [[Britannic Majesty]] – the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] (not usual); used as a formal and official term in [[diplomacy]], [[international law]], and [[international relations]], e.g. in [[British passport]]s. 
* His/Her [[Most Gracious Majesty]] – an elaborate version of His/Her Majesty in the United Kingdom, only used in the most formal of occasions.
* His/Her [[Most Excellent Majesty]] – another elaborate version of His/Her Majesty in the United Kingdom, mainly used in [[Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union|Acts of Parliament]].
* His/Her [[Rex Catholicissimus|Catholic Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HCM'', oral address ''Your Catholic Majesty'') – the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish monarch]] (not usual).
*His [[Style of the French sovereign|Most Christian Majesty]] – the [[King of France]] until 1790 and from 1815 to 1830.
*His/Her [[Most Faithful Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HFM'', oral address ''Your Faithful Majesty'') – the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] until deposed in 1910.
*His/Her [[Majesty]] (abbreviation ''HM'', oral address ''Your Majesty'') – kings, queens and some sultans. For example, HM King [[Charles III]], HM King [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] or HM King [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Willem-Alexander]].
*His/Her [[Imperial Highness]] (abbreviation ''HIH'', oral address ''Your Imperial Highness'') – members of an imperial house. Currently used by the [[Imperial House of Japan]].
*His/Her [[Imperial and Royal Highness]] (abbreviation ''HI&RH'', oral address ''Your Imperial and Royal Highness'') – formerly, [[archduke]]s of the [[House of Habsburg]], the German crown prince/princess and (post-monarchy) members of the deposed [[Brazilian imperial family|Brazilian Imperial Family]]; also some women entitled to imperial style by birth and to royal style by marriage (e.g., [[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]], Duchess of Edinburgh).
*His/Her [[Royal Highness]] (abbreviation ''HRH'', oral address ''Your Royal Highness'') – some monarchs, members of a [[royal family]] (other than monarchs, [[queen consort|queens consort]] and [[queen dowager|queens dowager]]); [[grand duke]]s/duchesses who have [[reign]]ed (but not those grand dukes who were [[cadet (genealogy)|cadet]]s of the former Russian Imperial Family), consorts of grand dukes, grand ducal [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] and, in Luxembourg, all dynastic male-line cadets; [[British prince]]s, their [[dynasty|dynastic]] wives (including the prince consort of queens [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] and [[Elizabeth II]]), sons, daughters, [[Patrilineality|patrilineal]] grandsons and granddaughters of [[Ibn Saud]] of the [[House of Saud]].
*[[Grace (style)|His/Her Grace]] (oral address ''Your Grace'') is a style used for various high-ranking personages. It was the style used to address [[List of English monarchs|Kings of England]] until King [[Henry VIII]]<ref name="Pollard2007">{{cite book|author=A.F. Pollard|title=HENRY VIII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9JnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT244|date=5 January 2007|publisher=Chehab Pubber|page=244|id=GGKEY:HQGF65AUEWU}}</ref> and the [[List of Scottish monarchs|King or Queen of Scots]] up to the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union of 1707]], which united the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] and the [[Kingdom of England]]. Today, the style is used when referring to non-royal dukes and duchesses, and archbishops, in the United Kingdom. For example, His Grace The [[Duke of Devonshire]] in the United Kingdom, or His Grace The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]; or ''Your Grace'' in spoken or written address. [[Duke#Royal dukes|Royal dukes]], for example the [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]], are addressed with their higher royal style, ''[[Royal Highness]]''.
*His/Her [[Grand Ducal Highness]] (abbreviation ''HGDH'', oral address ''Your Grand Ducal Highness'') – cadets of some former ruling grand ducal dynasties ([[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse and by Rhine]] and [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]]).
*His/Her [[Highness]] (abbreviation ''HH'', oral address, ''Your Highness'') – some monarchs, i.e., [[emir]]s, some [[sultan]]s, the [[Aga Khan]]; formerly reigning dukes, some [[maharaja]]s and [[raja]]s and the members of their dynasties; cadets of most former grand ducal houses; male-line grandchildren and remoter male-line descendants of some kingly dynasties (i.e., Denmark and formerly Brazil, Italy, Japan, UK, Yugoslavia); Belgium's [[House of Ligne]]; members of France's former [[Prince étranger|Foreign Princely]] class, members of [[cadet branch]]es of the [[House of Saud]].
*His/Her [[Ducal Serene Highness]] (abbreviation ''HDSH'', oral address, ''Your Ducal Serene Highness'') – members of the formerly reigning ducal [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]].
*His/Her [[Serene Highness]] (abbreviation ''HSH'', oral address ''Your Serene Highness'') – German: {{lang|de|Seine/Ihre Durchlaucht}}; Italian: {{lang|it|Sua Altezza Serenissima}}; Russian: {{lang|ru|Ваша светлость}}. Sovereigns of a [[principality]] (i.e., Liechtenstein, Monaco); members of formerly reigning princely families (Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, Waldeck and Pyrmont and Schwarzburg); members of [[German mediatisation|mediatized]] families headed by a {{lang|de|[[Fürst]]}} ("prince"); members of several formerly noble, princely families of Austria, Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland; [[Morganatic marriage|morganatic]] princes, descended from reigning dynasties; and a few formerly noble families granted the princely title in Imperial Russia (the style is more literally translated "His/Her Serenity").
*His [[Serene Highness|Most Serene Highness]] (abbreviation ''HMSH'', oral address, ''Your Most Serene Highness'') – [[Prince-elector]]s of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
*His/Her [[Illustrious Highness]] (abbreviation ''HIllH'', oral address ''Your Illustrious Highness'', German: {{lang|de|Seine/Ihre Erlaucht}}); Italian: {{lang|it|Sua Altezza Illustrissima}}; Spanish: {{lang|es|Su Ilustrísima}}; Russian: {{lang|ru|Ваше сиятельство}}. Mediatized [[count]]s and, sometimes, members of their families.
*His/Her Princely Grace ({{lang|de|Fürstliche Gnaden}}) - former style for members of a few noble families of monarchical Germany.
*The High-born ({{lang|de|[[Hochgeboren]]}}) – counts in some Scandinavian and Benelux monarchies and, formerly, Germany and Austria.
*The High Well-born ({{lang|de|[[Hochwohlgeboren]]}}) – Dutch barons; knights and untitled members of the lower nobility in German-speaking monarchies.
*His/Her [[Excellency]] (abbreviation ''HE'', oral address ''Your Excellency'') – [[governors-general]], British colonial governors, state officials, and generals of Imperial Russia. Occasionally, [[prime minister]]s and cabinet ministers. For example, the [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]; in Denmark, a few high-ranked nobles (e.g., [[Danneskiold-Samsøe|Counts af Danneskiold-Samsø]], [[Count of Rosenborg|Counts of Rosenborg]], ''[[Lensgreve (Danish title)|Lensgrever]]'', knights of the [[Order of the Elephant#Use|Order of the Elephant]]).
*''Don'' ({{IPA|es|don|lang}}, {{IPA|it|dɔn|lang}}, {{langx|pt|'''Dom'''|links=no}} {{IPA|pt|dõ|}}) from Latin [[Dominus (title)|''dominus'']] (literally, "Lord"), is an [[honorific]] title used in Spain, Portugal, Italy, [[Iberoamerica]] and the Philippines. The female equivalent is '''''doña''''' ({{IPA|es|ˈdoɲa|lang}}), '''''donna''''' ({{IPA|it|ˈdɔnna|lang}}), and '''''dona''''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈdonɐ|lang}}), abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D." In formal settings, it is a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, knights, dames, and church hierarchs. Informally, it is sometimes used as a mark of esteem for a person of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long standing, or a person of significant wealth. Like the British ''Sir'', It is used with, and not instead of, a person's name.
*In Portugal and Brazil, {{lang|pt|[[Don (honorific)#Portuguese-speaking lands|Dom]]}} ({{IPA|pt|ˈdõ|pron}}) is used for certain [[Ordinary (Catholic Church)|hierarchs]] of the Roman Catholic Church and for [[laity|laymen]] who belong to the royal and imperial families (for example, the [[House of Aviz]] in Portugal and the [[House of Braganza]] in Portugal and Brazil).<ref>{{cite book |editor=Angus Stevenson|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=Sixth|volume=1, A – M|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=737}}</ref> It was also accorded to members of families of the titled [[Portuguese nobility]].<ref name="cedre">{{cite journal | title=Le Royaume de Portugal - Empire du Brésil | author=Tourtchine, Jean-Fred | journal=Cercle d'Études des Dynasties Royales Européennes (CEDRE) |date=September 1987 | volume=III | pages=103 | issn=0764-4426}}</ref> Unless ennobling [[letters patent]] specifically authorised its use, {{lang|pt|Dom}} was not attributed to members of Portugal's untitled nobility. Since hereditary titles in Portugal descended according to [[primogeniture]], the right to the style of {{lang|pt|Dom}} was the only apparent distinction between [[cadet (genealogy)|cadet]]s of titled families and members of untitled noble families.<ref name="cedre"/>
* Most High, Mighty, and Illustrious Prince – for royal dukes, oral address Your Royal Highness.
* [[Son of Heaven]] – Used by Chinese and some Japanese emperors.
* [[High King]]
* [[Great King]]
* [[King of Kings]] – Used by especially Semitic, Persian and some Indian rulers.
* "Taewang" "Greatest of Kings" – was used by the later rulers of the Korean kingdom of [[Koguryo]].
* [[Lord of the Isles]] – Used by an [[heir apparent]] of the [[British monarchy]].
* [[High Steward of Scotland]] – Used by an [[heir apparent]] of the [[British monarchy]].
* [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]] (abbreviation CTHM) ({{langx|ar|خادم الحرمين الشريفين}} {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn}}), sometimes translated as Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a [[Royal and noble styles|royal style]] that has been used by many Islamic rulers including the [[Ayyubids]], the [[Mamluk Sultans of Egypt]], the [[Ottoman Sultans]], and the modern [[King of Saudi Arabia|Saudi kings]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Paul|title=Life and legacy of King Fahd|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4734505.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=6 April 2011|date=1 August 2005}}</ref> The title refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest [[mosques]] in [[Islam]], [[Al-Masjid al-Haram]] (the Sacred Mosque) in [[Mecca]] and [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] (the Prophet's Mosque) in [[Medina]].<ref name=bbc /><ref name=emjap>{{cite web|title=Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz|url=http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120070401/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm|archive-date=20 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Saudi Arabia]], it is used as the official title of the king, in place of "His Majesty".
*[[Amīr al-Mu'minīn]] ({{langx|ar|أمير المؤمنين}}), usually translated Commander of the Faithful or Leader of the Faithful, is the Arabic style of some [[Caliphate|Caliph]]s and other independent sovereign [[Muslim]] rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders. The use of the title does not necessarily signify a claim to caliphate as it is usually taken to be, but described a certain form of activist leadership which may have been attached to a caliph but also could signify a level of authority beneath that. The Ottoman sultans, in particular, made scant use of it. Moreover, the term was used by men who made no claim to be caliphs.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Pennell|first1=Richard|title=What is the significance of the title 'Amīr al-mu'minīn?'|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|date=11 March 2016|volume=21|issue=4|pages=623–644|doi=10.1080/13629387.2016.1157482|s2cid=148543546 }}</ref> Used by the former leader of [[ISIS]] [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], the Ahmadiyya Muslim leader [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]],<ref name="Valentine 208">{{cite book | last= Valentine | first=Simon Ross | page= 208|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice |date=2008 |publisher=Hurst & Company |location=London |isbn=9781850659167}}</ref> the [[King of Morocco]], the [[Sultan of Sokoto]], and the supreme leaders of the Afghan [[Taliban]].
*Kabiyesi (variously translated as His or Her Royal Majesty, His or Her Royal Highness or His or Her Highness, lit. ''The One whose words are beyond question'') – Used by the [[Oba (ruler)|Oba]]s of [[Yorubaland]], other aboriginal [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] high chiefs of royal background, and their counterparts in the tribe's diaspora communities.

=====Styles and titles of deposed monarchs=====

General tradition indicates that monarchs who have ceased to reign but not renounced their hereditary titles, retain the use of their style and title for the duration of their lifetimes, but both die with them. Hence, prior to his death, Greece's deposed king was still styled ''His Majesty [[Constantine II of Greece|King Constantine II]]'', as a ''personal'' title, not as occupant of a constitutional office, since the abolition of the monarchy by the Hellenic Republic in 1974. Similarly, until his death, the last King of Italy, [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]], was widely referred to as ''King Umberto II'' and sometimes addressed as ''Your Majesty''. In contrast, [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon of Bulgaria]] who, subsequent to the loss of his throne in 1947, was elected to and held the premiership of his former realm as "Simeon Sakskoburggotski", and therefore is as often referred to by the latter name as by his former royal title and style.

While this rule is generally observed, and indeed some exiled monarchs are allowed diplomatic passports by their former realm, other republics officially object to the use of such titles which are, nonetheless, generally accorded by extant monarchical regimes. In 1981, the then Greek President [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]] declined to attend the wedding of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] when it was revealed that Greece's deposed monarch, a cousin of the Prince, had been referred to as "King" in his invitation. The current Hellenic Republic challenged King Constantine's right to use his title, and his passport was revoked in 1994, because he did not use a surname, as his passport at the time stated "Constantine, former King of the Hellenes". However, Constantine II later travelled in and out of Greece on a [[Danish passport|Danish diplomatic passport]] as a descendant of [[Christian IX of Denmark]], by the name ''Constantino de Grecia'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Constantine of Greece").

====Republics====

*His/Her [[Excellency]] (abbreviation ''HE'', oral address ''Your Excellency'') – [[President (government title)|President]]s of republics (historically, this was first used to refer to George Washington during his tenure as Commander-in-Chief of the Army during the American War of Independence; its use for presidents of republics was established as he was the first president of the first modern republic). In some countries also the prime minister, ministers, governors, ambassadors and [[high commissioner]]s also use this style.
*The [[President of the United States]] is properly directly addressed as "Mr./Madam President" and introduced as "The President of the United States"; however, His/Her/Your Excellency may properly be used in written communications and is sometimes used in official documents.
*The custom in [[France]] is to call office holders acting within their official capacity {{lang|fr|M. (Monsieur)}} or {{lang|fr|[[Mme.]] (Madame)}} followed by the name of their offices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARIE ANTOINETTE, By Campan |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3891/3891-h/3891-h.htm |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Babel {{!}} Doing business in France |url=https://www.babelgroup.co.uk/resources/doing-business-in/doing-business-in-france/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.babelgroup.co.uk}}</ref> Thus, the President of the Republic is called {{lang|fr|M. le président}} or {{lang|fr|M. le président de la République}} if a male, and {{lang|fr|Mme...}} if a female. Styles such as "excellency" or similar are not used, except for talking about foreign dignitaries. Traditionally after "Madame", the name of the office is not put into the feminine form, but this is becoming less common (hence, "Madame le président" is being replaced by "Madame la présidente").
*In [[Italy]], members of the lower house (Chamber of Deputies) of the [[Parliament of Italy]] are styled ''Honourable'' ({{langx|it|Onorevole}}, abbreviation {{lang|it|On.}}). The correct form to address a member of the upper house (Senate) is ''Senator'' ({{langx|it|Senatore}}, abbreviation {{lang|it|Sen.}}; even though, for gravitas, they may also be addressed ''Honourable Senator'').
*The incumbent president of Finland is addressed {{lang|fi|Herra/Rouva Tasavallan Presidentti}} (Mr./Ms. President of the Republic), while a former president is addressed as just {{lang|fi|Herra/Rouva Presidentti}}.
*The style used for the [[President of Ireland]] is normally His Excellency/Her Excellency ({{langx|ga|A Shoilse/A Soilse}}); sometimes people may orally address the President as 'Your Excellency' ({{langx|ga|A Shoilse}} [ə ˈhəʎʃə]), or simply 'President' ({{langx|ga|A Uachtaráin}} [ə ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnˠ] (vocative case)).
* During the [[Republic of the United Netherlands]], the [[States General of the Netherlands|States-General]] were collectively addressed as "Their High and Mighty Lords" ({{langx|nl|Hoogmogende Heren}}).
* The Honourable – Presidents, prime ministers, ministers, governors, members of parliament, senate and congress in some countries. (Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka.)

===Medicine===
*Doctor – In the United Kingdom, university degrees required for initial medical and dental professional registration are all [[bachelor's degrees]] (commonly [[MBBS]], but also MB, BDS, MB BS BAO, BMed, etc.). This system is followed in other countries (often [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]]) that adhere to the United Kingdom's higher education tradition. Such graduates are addressed as "doctor" by courtesy and convention.
*Mr, Miss, Ms, or Mrs – Surgeons in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth or former Commonwealth nations]] revert to the title ''Mr'', ''Miss'', ''Ms'' or ''Mrs'' after obtaining the postgraduate qualification [[Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons|MRCS]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why are surgeons in the UK called Mr or Miss or Mrs, rather than Dr? |url=http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/patients/information-about-surgery/questions-about-surgery/questions-about-surgeons/ |website=[[Royal College of Surgeons]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413215115/http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/patients/information-about-surgery/questions-about-surgery/questions-about-surgeons/#why-are-surgeons-in-the-uk-called-mr-or-miss-or-mrs--rather-than-dr- |archive-date=2013-04-13 |language=en}}</ref> Other specialist doctors ([[Physician#Specialist in internal medicine|"physicians" in the sense]] of specialists in different areas of internal medicine, as used generally outside North America), on the other hand, retain the title ''Dr'' after obtaining other postgraduate qualifications, such as [[Membership of the Royal College of Physicians|MRCP]]. Medical practitioners who are both "physicians and surgeons" are called either ''Dr'' or ''Mr'', ''Ms'', etc. and the style used at any specific time may be varied according to the context.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a physician? |url=https://www.racp.edu.au/about/what-is-a-physician |publisher=[[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]] |url-status=live |language=en|website=RACP.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053048/http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3|archive-date=6 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |editor1-first=William |editor1-last= Little  |editor2-first=Lesley |editor2-last= Brown |editor-first3=Bill |editor3-last= Trumble |title=physician |dictionary=The New Shorter Oxford English dictionary on Historical Principles |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |edition=5th  |date=2002 |volume=2: N–Z|page=2193|isbn=978-0198604570 |url=https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng0002unse_j5o3/page/2192/mode/2up}}</ref>

===Nautical and aeronautical===
*Captain – a person who commands and is responsible for the lives of crew and passengers on a naval or civil vessel or aircraft. In the US military, ''captain'' is used regardless of the actual rank of the person being addressed. For example, on a US naval vessel commanded by someone holding a rank of [[lieutenant commander]] or lower is addressed as "Captain", in reference to his position in command of the ship, not his military rank. This would apply even to an [[enlisted man]] in charge of a small boat.

===Religious===
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2015}}
*[[His Holiness]] (abbreviation HH), oral address ''Your Holiness'', or ''Holy Father'' – the [[Pope]] and the [[Pope Emeritus]] (but ''Holy Father'' is not used for the latter); also the [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East]], [[List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow|Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia]], [[List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church|Patriarch of Peć and the Serbs]], [[Catholicos of All Armenians]], [[Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia]], [[List of Armenian Catholicoi of Cilicia|Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church]], [[Indian Orthodox Church|Malankara Orthodox Catholicos]] and some other patriarchs of the [[Christian Church]], as well as the [[Dalai Lama]], the [[Panchen Lama]], the [[Karmapa]], the [[Sakya Trizin]], and other holders of certain other [[Tibetan Buddhist]] lineages.
*[[His All Holiness]] (abbreviation ''HAH''), oral address ''Your All Holiness'' – the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]].
*His Highness the [[Aga Khan]] (abbreviation ''HH the Aga Khan.''), oral address ''Your Highness'' and then ''Sir'' – The Imam (spiritual leader) of the Shia Ismaili Muslims.
*His Beatitude ''or'' The Most Blessed, oral address ''Your Beatitude'' – [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Catholicos of India|Syriac Orthodox Catholicos of India]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]]  and [[Roman Catholic]] [[patriarch]]s, [[Macedonian Orthodox Church]] and the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Greek Catholic]] Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Halych. If they have been elevated to the cardinalate by the Pope, they use the traditional "His Eminence" like other cardinals (more properly and formally, "His Beatitude and Eminence").
*[[His Eminence|His Most Eminent Royal Highness]] (abbreviation ''HMERH''), oral address ''Your Most Eminent Royal Highness'' - The Lord of the [[Rasulid dynasty|Rasulid Order]].
*[[His Most Eminent Highness]] (abbreviation ''HMEH''), oral address ''Your Most Eminent Highness'' – The [[Prince of the Church|Prince]] and [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master]] of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]].
*[[His Eminence]] (abbreviation "H.Em."), oral address ''Your Eminence'' or ''Most Reverend Eminence'' – [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]]
*His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.") ''or'' The Most Reverend (abbreviation ''The Most Rev.''), oral address ''Your Eminence'' – [[Eastern Orthodox]] [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitans]] and [[archbishop]]s who are not the first [[hierarch]] of an [[autocephalous]] church; 
*His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.") – Certain high [[lama]]s or [[rinpoche]]s in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] as well as presiding head bishops or priests of [[Japanese Buddhism|Japanese Buddhist]] schools. 
*His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.") – The [[Sultan of Sokoto]], spiritual leader of [[Nigeria]]'s Muslims, as well as those of his fellow [[Fula people|Fula]] high chiefs that choose not to style themselves as HRHs.
*His Eminence (abbreviation "H.Em.") – The Grand Master of the [[Murji'ah|Murjite Order]].
*His Excellency ''or'' [[The Most Reverend]] (abbreviation ''The Most Rev.''), oral address ''Your Excellency'' – [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[archbishop]]s and [[bishop]]s in the United States and Canada (the oral address is not recognized by Canadian civil authorities, who prescribe ''Archbishop/Bishop'' instead<ref name=canada>{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html#a6|title=Styles of address » Religious dignitaries|date=16 October 2017 |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref>); or,
*His Grace ''or'' [[The Most Reverend]] (abbreviation ''The Most Rev.''), oral address ''Your Grace'' – [[Roman Catholic]] [[archbishop]]s in [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries except Canada; [[Roman Catholic]] [[bishop]]s in [[Ireland]]; and Mar Thoma Metropolitans
*His Grace ''or'' [[The Right Reverend]] (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev.''), oral address ''Your Grace'' – [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[bishop]]s.
*Kabiyesi (variously translated as His or Her Royal Majesty, His or Her Royal Highness or His or Her Highness, lit. ''The One whose words are beyond question'') – The [[Oba (ruler)|Oba]]s of [[Yorubaland]], other aboriginal [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] high chiefs of royal background, and their counterparts in the tribe's diaspora communities.
*His Lordship ''or'' The Right Reverend (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev.''), oral address ''My Lord'' – [[Anglican]] and [[Roman Catholic]] [[bishop]]s in Commonwealth countries other than Canada.
*The Most Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviation ''The Most Rev. and Rt. Hon.''), oral address ''Your Grace'' – [[Church of England]] (Anglican) [[archbishop]]s who are [[privy council|privy counsellor]]s, usually the [[Archbishop]]s of [[Archbishop of Canterbury|Canterbury]] and [[Archbishop of York|York]]
*The Most Reverend  (abbreviation ''The Most Rev.''), oral address ''Your Grace'' – [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] [[archbishop]]s, [[Primate (bishop)#Anglican Communion|primates]], [[Metropolitan bishop#Anglican|metropolitans]] and [[Presiding Bishop#Anglican|presiding bishops]]. Canadian Anglican (arch)bishops are orally addressed simply as ''Archbishop/Bishop''.<ref name=canada/> Also [[Moderators and clerks in the Church of Scotland#Moderators|moderators]].
*The Most Reverend  (abbreviation ''The Most Rev.''), oral address ''My Lord'' – [[Church of Ireland]] (Anglican) [[Bishop of Meath and Kildare]] (due to being, historically, the most senior bishop in Ireland)
*The Most Reverend (abbreviation ''The Most Rev.''), oral address ''Presiding Bishop'' – the Presiding Bishop of the [[Methodist Church Ghana]]
*The Most Reverend (abbreviation ''The Most Rev.''), oral address ''Bishop'' – the Presiding Bishop of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church in the United States]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.episcopalchurch.org/page/episcopal-church-style-guide |title=Style Guide |publisher=Episcopal Church |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>
*The Right Reverend and Right Honourable [[Monsignor]] (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev. and Rt.mHon. Mgr.''), oral address ''Monsignor'', or according to personal preference – Prelate of Honour who is also a [[Privy Council|privy counsellor]] (The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Monsignor [[Graham Leonard]] KCVO).
*The Right Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev. and Rt. Hon.''), oral address ''Bishop'' or ''My Lord'' (old-fashioned) – [[Church of England]] (Anglican) [[bishop]]s who are members of the [[Privy Council]], usually the [[Bishop of London]].
*The Right Reverend (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev.''), oral address ''Bishop'' or ''My Lord'' (old-fashioned) – other [[Church of England]] [[bishop]]s
*The Right Reverend (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev.''), oral address ''Bishop'' – [[bishop]]s [[Episcopal Church (United States)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trinityambler.com/general/faq.html#1 |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Trinityambler.com |access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>
*The Right Reverend (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev.''), oral address ''Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss (surname)''<ref name=canada/> – [[Moderator of the United Church of Canada]] or of the [[Presbyterian Church in Canada]]
*The Right Reverend Father (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev. Fr.''), oral address ''Father'' – [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[archimandrite]]s.
*The Right Reverend (abbreviation ''The Rt. Rev.''), oral address ''Father'' or ''Father Abbot'' – [[Roman Catholic]] [[abbot]]s.
*The Right Reverend (abbreviation ''The Rt Rev.''), oral address ''Bishop'' – diocesan [[bishop]] of the [[Methodist Church Ghana]]
*Bishop, oral address ''Bishop'' – an area [[bishop]] in the [[United Methodist Church]]. The Right Reverend has never been pervasive in the United Methodist Church.
*His Divine Worship, or (His) Divine Worship: In the [[Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter]], one of the [[Personal Ordinariates]] for former Anglicans, the Bishop (abbreviation ''DW:TB''), oral address ''Your Divine Worship'', afterwards ''My Lord'', ''My Lord Bishop'', or ''Bishop''. If the ordinary is merely a priest and not a bishop, then he is styled His Divine Worship, or (His) Divine Worship: The Ordinary (abbreviation ''DW:TO''), also His Divine Worship: the Reverend Monsignor, as applicable. The first oral address remains ''Your Divine Worship'', but afterwards reverts simply to ''Father'' or ''Monsignor''.
*[[The Very Reverend]] (abbreviation ''The Very Rev. ''), oral address ''Father'' – [[Catholic]] [[vicars general]], judicial vicars, [[judge]]s, rectors of seminaries, [[vicar forane|vicars forane]], episcopal vicars, general superiors of religious orders of priests, provincial superiors, priors of monasteries or friaries
*The Very Reverend Father (abbreviation ''The Very Rev. Fr.''), oral address ''Father'' – [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[archpriest]]s
*The Very Reverend (abbreviation ''The Very Rev.''), oral address ''Mr./Madam Dean'' or ''Mr./Madam Provost'', as appropriate, or ''Very Reverend Sir/Madam'' – [[Anglican]] [[Dean (Christianity)|deans]] and [[Provost (religion)#Anglican Church|provosts]] of [[cathedral]]s, the deans of [[Westminster Abbey]] and [[St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle|St George's Chapel, Windsor]], and, for historical reasons, a few [[incumbent (ecclesiastical)|parish priests]], such as the [[Braintree, Essex|Dean of Bocking]]. Sometimes an Anglican cathedral dean has previously been a [[bishop]], in which case he or she is styled as a bishop, but on formal occasions may be addressed ''Mr./Madam Dean''. Canadian deans are orally addressed as ''Dean'' only.<ref name=canada/>
*The Very Reverend (abbreviation ''The Very Rev.''), oral address ''Very Reverend Sir/Madam'' or ''Mr./Madam Dean'' – [[Dean (Christianity)|Deans]] of some Anglican [[seminaries]], especially [[Episcopal Church (United States)|those in the United States]]
*The Very Reverend (abbreviation ''The Very Rev.''), oral address ''Osofo Panin'' – Superintendent minister in the [[Methodist Church Ghana]]
*The Very Reverend (abbreviation ''The Very Rev.''), oral address ''Reverend'' – former [[Moderator of the United Church of Canada|moderators]] of the [[United Church of Canada]] and of the Presbyterian Church in Canada; the Canadian government prescribes the oral address ''Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname)''<ref name=canada/>
*The Reverend Monsignor (abbreviation ''The Rev. Msgr.''), oral address ''Monsignor'' – [[Catholic Church]] protonotaries apostolic, honorary prelates, chaplains of his holiness
*[[The Venerable]], oral address ''Venerable Sir/Madam'' or ''Mr./Madam Archdeacon'' – [[Anglican]] archdeacons; in Canada, they are orally addressed as ''Archdeacon'' only<ref name=canada/>
*Venerable (abbreviation "Ven."), oral address "Venerable" or "Venerable &lt;name or title&gt;" – fully ordained [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] and [[Bhikkhuni|nuns]], the title of ''Venerable Master'' or ''Most Venerable'' is sometimes appended for senior monks and nuns or monks/nuns acting in their capacity as an abbot/abbess of a monastery
*The Reverend and Right Honourable (abbreviation ''The Revd. and Rt. Hon.'') – [[Protestant]] ordained ministers who are members of the [[Privy Council]] (e.g. the late [[Ian Paisley]])
*The Reverend the Honourable <!-- Before changing this back to Reverend AND Hon. please see talk page. I am right about this! -->(abbreviation ''The Rev. the Hon.''), oral address according to ecclesiastical or other status – ordained son of an earl, viscount, or baron, or ordained daughter of a viscount or baron (unless also a privy counsellor or peer)
*The Very Reverend (abbreviation "The Very Rev."), oral address: "Overseer" – in the Anglican-Apostolic Communion (Pentecostal) tradition, the overseer is the lowest level of prelate (only non–consecrated bishop prelate), with oversight to a specific work or department, directly responsible to the primate/presiding bishop or an ordinary/diocesan bishop.
*The Reverend (abbreviation ''The Rev.'' or ''The Rev'd'') – Protestant and Anglican ordained ministers (common variants include ''Pastor'', ''Parson'', ''Vicar'', or simply ''Reverend'' (Rev.), as used in American English; see: [[The Reverend]]); some Jewish cantors also use this style, almost all Buddhist ministers in Japan use this style
*The Reverend Canon (abbreviation ''The Rev. Canon''), oral address ''Canon'' – [[Catholic]] and [[Anglican]] canons
*The Reverend Doctor (abbreviation ''The Rev. Dr.''), oral address ''Father'' or ''Doctor'' – [[Priest]]s and other ordained clergy with a [[doctorate]]
*The Reverend Father (abbreviation ''The Rev. Fr.''), oral address ''Father'' – [[Catholic]] (and many [[Anglican]]) [[priest]]s
*The Reverend Mother (abbreviation ''The Rev. Mo.''), oral address ''Mother'' – [[Abbess]]es (also, some female [[Anglican]] [[priest]]s {abbreviated Mthr.})
*The Reverend Deacon (abbreviation ''Rev. Deacon''), oral address ''Deacon'' [[Catholic]] permanent Deacons.
*The Reverend Mister (abbreviation ''The Rev. Mr.''), oral address ''Deacon'' – [[Catholic]] transitional deacons, i.e. those preparing for priesthood. Transitional deacons belonging to religious orders (monastic and non-monastic) are titled Reverend Brother, (similar situations and modifications apply to [[Anglican]] deacons as in ''The Rev. Fr./Mthr.,'' above; since women can be deacons, these may be ''The Revd Ms.'')
*Mother, oral address ''Mother'' – heads of some female [[Catholic]] religious convents and other communities who are not abbesses
*Mister (abbreviation ''Mr.''), oral address ''Mister'' – [[Catholic]] [[Sulpician]] priests
*Mister (abbreviation ''Mr.''), oral address often ''Mister'' – [[Catholic]] seminarians and scholastics (members preparing for priesthood) of ''some'' religious orders (notably, [[Jesuits]]).
*Father (pater)
*Brother (abbreviation ''Bro.''), oral address ''Brother'' – [[Catholic]] members of religious orders under vows (both monastic and non-monastic) who are not priests.
*Sister (abbreviation ''Sr.''), oral address ''Sister'' – [[Catholic]] members of religious orders under vows (both monastic and non-monastic) who are not abbesses.
* [[Elder (Latter Day Saints)|Elder]]: used generally for male missionaries of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) and for members of the adult leadership known as the general authorities.  Although most all male adults of the LDS church are elders, the title is reserved for the prior mentioned groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1993/04/honoring-the-priesthood?lang=eng|title=Honoring the Priesthood|work=churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>
*Grand Rabbi, oral address ''Rabbi'' – [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[rabbi]]s, who are scions of a Hasidic Dynasty.
* [[Dom (title)|Dom]] is an [[honorific]] [[prefix]]ed to the [[given name]]. It derives from the Latin ''[[Dominus (title)|Dominus]]''. It is used in English for certain [[Benedictine]] (including some communities which follow the [[Rule of St. Benedict]]) and [[Carthusian]] [[monks]], and for members of certain communities of [[Canons Regular]]. Examples include Benedictine monks of the [[English Benedictine Congregation]] (e.g. [[John Chapman OSB|Dom John Chapman]], late [[Downside Abbey|Abbot of Downside]]). The equivalent female usage for such a monastic is "[[Dame (title)|Dame]]" (e.g. Dame [[Laurentia McLachlan]], late [[Stanbrook Abbey|Abbess of Stanbrook]], or Dame [[Felicitas Corrigan]], author).
**''Dom'' has historically been used on occasions in French, as an honorific for Benedictine monks, such as the famous ''[[Dom Pérignon (monk)|Dom Pérignon]]''.
*Rabbi, oral address ''Rabbi'' (or, if holder of the appropriate degree, ''Doctor'' both in oral and written communication) – rabbis
*Grand Ayatullah, oral address ''Ayatullah'' or ''Ayatullah al-Uzma'' – [[Shiite Islam|Shia]] [[Ayatullah]]s, who have accomplished the highest religious jurisprudent knowledge degree called as [[marja']] and some people officially follow them.
*Ayatullah, oral address ''Ayatullah'' – [[Shiite Islam|Shia]] religious degree who has accomplished a religious high course of lessons and is capable of individually issuing religious verdicts.
*[[Seghatoleslam]], is an honorific title within the [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] [[Shia clergy]]. Seghatoleslam designates [[The Narrators|narrators]] whose justice and [[trustworthiness]] have been explicitly verified.
*Amīr al-Mu'minīn ({{langx|ar|أمير المؤمنين}}), usually translated Commander of the Faithful or Leader of the Faithful, is the Arabic style of some [[Caliphate|Caliph]]s and other independent sovereign [[Muslim]] rulers that claim legitimacy from a community of Muslims. It has been claimed as the title of rulers in Muslim countries and empires and is still used for some Muslim leaders. The use of the title does not necessarily signify a claim to caliphate as it is usually taken to be, but described a certain form of activist leadership which may have been attached to a caliph but also could signify a level of authority beneath that. The Ottoman sultans, in particular, made scant use of it. Moreover, the term was used by men who made no claim to be caliphs.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Currently used by the Caliph of [[ISIS]] [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]],  The Ahmadiyya Muslim Caliph, [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]],<ref name="Valentine 208"/> the [[King of Morocco]], The [[Sultan of Sokoto]], The supreme leaders of the Afghan [[Taliban]].
*Cantor, oral address ''Cantor'' (some cantors use ''The Reverend'' as style, as above) – Jewish [[Hazzan|cantors]]
*Reverend, oral address ''Reverend'', ''Mister'' or ''Brother'' – ordained ministers/pastors
*Pastor (abbreviation "Pr."), oral address 'Pastor" – minister responsible for caring for the "flock" in Lutheran churches<ref>Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York. 1966. p. 1719</ref>
*Pandit (sometimes spelled ''Pundit'') – [[Hinduism|Hindu]] priests
*[[Swami]] – in [[Hinduism]] an ascetic or yogi who has been initiated into a religious monastic order.  Informally, "Swamiji". 
*Officers of [[The Salvation Army]] are addressed by their rank, e.g. "Captain" (Capt.), "Major" (Maj.), etc.
*A wide variety of titles for Neo-pagan religions; Lord/Lady, Father/Mother, and High Priest/Priestess are common