Editing Stridulation (section)

==Arthropod stridulation==
[[File:Stridulatory-Sound-Production-and-Its-Function-in-Females-of-the-Cicada-Subpsaltria-yangi-pone.0118667.s009.ogv|thumb|Stridulation in ''[[Subpsaltria yangi]]'']]
[[Insect]]s and other [[arthropod]]s stridulate by rubbing together two parts of the body. These are referred to generically as the ''stridulatory organs''.
{{multiple images|direction=horizontal|total_width=400|align=right
|image1=Panoploscelis tegmen-male.JPG|caption1=Detail of anterior dorsal aspect of a male [[Tettigoniidae|katydid]] of the genus ''[[Panoploscelis]]''. The [[Tegmen|tegmina]] constitute the sound generator for these insects.
|image2=Panoploscelis tegmen-female.JPG|caption2=Detail of anterior dorsal aspect of a female ''[[Panoploscelis specularis]]'' katydid. The scraper lobe can be seen on the right side of the left tegmen. The crossveins of the right tegmen are not visible, as the left tegmen overlies the right.
}}

The mechanism is best known in [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s, [[mole cricket]]s, and [[grasshopper]]s, but other insects which stridulate include [[Curculionidae]] (weevils and bark beetles), [[Cerambycidae]] (longhorned beetles),<ref name= "stridulation">{{cite journal|last= Meyer-Rochow| first= V.B.| title= Observations on stridulating Australian beetles (Hydrophilidae, Cerambycidae, Passalidae, Dynastinae) using scanning electron microscopical and electrophysiological techniques| journal=Forma et Functio | date=1971| volume= 4| pages= 326–339}}</ref> [[Mutillidae]] ("velvet ants"), [[Reduviidae]] (assassin bugs), [[Buprestidae]] (metallic wood-boring beetles), [[Hydrophilidae]] (water scavenger beetles),<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Q. |last1=Pirisinu |first2=G. |last2=Spinelli |first3=M. |last3=Clara Bicchierai |year=1988 |title=Stridulatory apparatus in the Italian species of the genus ''Laccobius'' Erichson (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae) |journal=Int. J. Insect Morphology and Embryology |volume=17 |issue= 2|pages=95–101 |doi=10.1016/0020-7322(88)90003-7 }}</ref> [[Cicindelinae]] (tiger beetles), [[Scarabaeidae]] (scarab beetles),<ref name="stridulation"/> [[Glaresidae]] ("enigmatic scarabs"), [[larva]]l [[Stag beetle|Lucanidae]] (stag beetles),<ref>[http://maria.fremlin.de/stagbeetles/stridulation.html Stridulation in stag beetle larvae (Lucanus cervus L.)] by Dr. Eva Sprecher-Uebersax, January 2002</ref> [[Passalidae]] (Bessbugs),<ref name="stridulation"/> [[Geotrupidae]] (earth-boring dung beetles), [[Alydidae]] (broad-headed bugs),<ref>{{cite journal |first1=C. W. |last1=Schaefer |first2=R. J. |last2=Pupedis |year=1981 |title=A Stridulatory Device in Certain Alydinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Alydidae |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=54 |pages=143–152 }}</ref> [[Largidae]] (bordered plant bugs),<ref>Lattin, JD (1958) A stridulatory mechanism in ''Arhaphe cicindeloides'' Walker (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 34: 217-219.</ref> [[Miridae]] (leaf bugs), [[Corixidae]] (water boatmen, notably ''[[Micronecta scholtzi]]''), various [[ant]]s (including the [[Black imported fire ant]], ''[[Solenopsis richteri]]''),<ref>[http://home.olemiss.edu/~hickling/ Stridulation Sounds of Black Fire Ants (Solenopsis richteri) in Different Situations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403215053/http://home.olemiss.edu/~hickling/ |date=2005-04-03 }}</ref> some [[Phasmatodea|stick insects]] such as ''[[Pterinoxylus spinulosus]]'',<ref name=Robinson>{{cite journal |author=Robinson, Michael H. |year=1968 |title=The Defensive Behavior of ''Pterinoxylus spinulosus'' Redtenbacher, a Winged Stick Insect From Panama (Phasmatodea) |journal=Psyche: A Journal of Entomology |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=195–207 |doi=10.1155/1968/19150 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and some species of [[Agromyzidae]] (leaf-mining flies). While [[cicada]]s are well-known for sound production via abdominal [[tymbal]] organs, it has been demonstrated that some species can produce sounds via stridulation, as well.<ref>Luo C, Wei C (2015) Stridulatory sound-production and its function in females of the cicada ''Subpsaltria yangi''. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0118667. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118667</ref>

Stridulation is also known in a few [[tarantula]]s (Arachnida), certain centipedes, such as ''[[Scutigera coleoptrata]]'', and some [[pill millipede]]s (Diplopoda, Oniscomorpha).<ref name="Wesener et al 2005">{{cite journal|last=Wesener|first=Thomas|author2=Köhler, Jörn |author3=Fuchs, Stefan |author4= Spiegel, Didier |title=How to uncoil your partner—"mating songs" in giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida)|journal=Naturwissenschaften|year=2011|volume=98|issue=11|pages=967–975|doi=10.1007/s00114-011-0850-8 |pmid=21971844|bibcode=2011NW.....98..967W|s2cid=12005617}}</ref>
It is also widespread among decapod crustaceans, e.g., rock lobsters.<ref name= Meyer-Rochow>{{ cite journal|author1= Meyer-Rochow V.B.|author2=Penrose J.|year=1977| title=Sound production by the Western rock lobster ''Panulirus longipes''|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=23|pages=191–210|doi=10.1016/0022-0981(76)90141-6}}</ref> Most spiders are silent, but some tarantula species are known to stridulate. When disturbed, ''[[Theraphosa blondi]]'', the Goliath tarantula, can produce a rather loud hissing noise by rubbing together the bristles on its legs. This is said to be audible to a distance of up to 15 feet (4.5 m).<ref name="ExSc">[http://www.extremescience.com/BiggestSpider.htm Goliath Tarantula, ''Theraphosa blondi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803211135/http://www.extremescience.com/BiggestSpider.htm |date=2009-08-03 }} at [http://www.extremescience.com/ Extreme Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728000757/http://www.extremescience.com/ |date=2009-07-28 }}. Accessed 13 March 2007.</ref> One of the [[wolf spider]]s, ''[[Schizocosa stridulans]]'', produces low-frequency sounds by flexing its abdomen (tremulation, rather than stridulation) or high-frequency stridulation by using the cymbia on the ends of its [[pedipalps]].<ref name=Elias2006>{{cite journal|last=Elias|first=D. O.|title=Seismic signal production in a wolf spider: parallel versus serial multi-component signals|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|year=2006|volume=209|issue=6|pages=1074–1084|doi=10.1242/jeb.02104|pmid=16513934|doi-access=free}}</ref>  In most species of spiders, stridulation commonly occurs by males during sexual encounters. In the species ''[[Holocnemus pluchei]]'', females also possess stridulatory organs, and both sexes engage in stridulation.<ref>Huber, Bernhard A. (October 1995). "Copulatory Mechanism in Holocnemus pluchei and Pholcus opilionoides , With Notes on Male Cheliceral Apophyses and Stridulatory Organs in Pholcidae (Araneae)". ''Acta Zoologica''. '''76''' (4): 291–300. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1995.tb01001.x.</ref> In the species ''[[Steatoda nobilis]],'' the males produce stridulation sounds during mating.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NaturePlus: Identification: Fact sheet: False widow spiders - Steatoda spp|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/natureplus/community/identification/blog/2014/12/23/fact-sheet-false-widow-spiders--steatoda-spp.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=www.nhm.ac.uk}}</ref>

The anatomical parts used to produce sound are quite varied: the most common system is that seen in grasshoppers and many other insects, where a hind leg scraper is rubbed against the adjacent forewing (in [[beetle]]s and [[true bug]]s the forewings are hardened); in crickets and [[katydid]]s a file on one wing is rubbed by a scraper on the other wing; in longhorned beetles, the back edge of the [[pronotum]] scrapes against a file on the [[mesonotum]]; in various other beetles, the sound is produced by moving the head—up/down or side-to-side—while in others the abdominal [[tergite]]s are rubbed against the [[elytra]]; in assassin bugs, the tip of the mouthparts scrapes along a ridged groove in the [[prosternum]]; in velvet ants the back edge of one abdominal tergite scrapes a file on the dorsal surface of the following tergite.

[[file:Tettigonia_viridissima_-_sound.ogg|right|thumb|Green Katydid Grasshopper call]]

Stridulation in several of these examples is for attracting a mate, or as a form of [[territorial behaviour]], but can also be a warning signal (acoustic [[aposematism]], as in velvet ants and tarantulas). This kind of communication was first described by Slovenian biologist [[Ivan Regen]] (1868–1947).