Editing Stokesay Castle (section)

==History==

===13th–15th centuries===
[[File:Stokesay Castle from the west.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The castle viewed from the west, with the south tower to the right]]
[[Stokesay]] took its name from the Anglo-Saxon word ''stoches'', meaning cattle farm, and the surname of the de Says family, who had held the land from the beginning of the 12th century onwards.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=25}}</ref> Stokesay was originally owned by the de Lacy family, who had built the first Ludlow Castle within their manor of Stanton Lacy. In Domesday Book, ''Roger de Laci'' is recorded as holding ''Stoches'' of the King in [[capite]].<ref>Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, Vol. V, MDCCCLVII, [https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesshro09eytogoog/page/n44 page 29].</ref> The manor was later held under the de Lacys by members of the de Say family, whose name attached to 'Stoke' created the name - Stokesay - by which it is still known today. In 1241, the then lord of Stokesay, [[Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath|Walter de Lacy]], Lord of Meath, died. His son Gilbert had predeceased him, so his extensive estates were divided among Walter's granddaughters. One of these, Margery, had married Sir John de Verdun of [[Alton Castle]] in Staffordshire, son of the heiress [[Roesia de Verdun]] and [[Theobald le Botiller, 2nd Chief Butler of Ireland|Theobald le Botiller]]. Margery's share of her grandfather's estates included Stokesay and a moiety of nearby Ludlow, which thereafter were held by the de Verduns. On 1 September 1270, to raise money to pay for going on the [[Eighth Crusade]] with [[Edward I of England|Prince Edward]], John de Verdun conveyed a tenancy of his manor of Stokesay to Philip de Whichecote for a term of 3 years,<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=25}}; {{harvnb|La Touche|1899|p=301}}</ref> which was later extended for the term of Philip's life, when it would revert to John de Verdun.<ref>Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, Vol. V, MDCCCLVII, [https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesshro09eytogoog/page/n50 page 35].</ref> However, John died in 1274 and Stokesay was inherited by his son Theobald I de Verdun.<ref>{{harvnb|La Touche|1899|p=301}}</ref> The [[Inquisition post mortem|Inquisition Post Mortem]] following John's death revealed that the de Verduns' [[feoffee]] at Stokesay at the time was Reginald de Grey. In the feodaries of 1284, Laurence de Ludlow is said to ''hold the Vill of Stokesay for one knight's-fee under John de Grey, which John held it under Theobald de Verdun, who held of the King''.<ref>Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, Vol. V, MDCCCLVII, https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesshro09eytogoog/page/n50 https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesshro09eytogoog/page/n50 pages 34-37.</ref> Stokesay Castle was largely built in its present form during the 1280s and 1290s in the village of Stokesay by Laurence de Ludlow, who was a very wealthy wool merchant.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=25–27}}</ref>

By chance there may have been earlier connections between Laurence de Ludlow and the de Verduns, which may add to the context within which he became their tenant. Laurence de Ludlow's wife was Agnes de Audley, daughter of [[James Audley (died 1272)|James de Audley]], Justiciar of Ireland and Sheriff of Staffordshire and Shropshire. James de Audley's family had been tenants and close associates of the de Verdons of Alton. James's father, [[Henry de Audley]] was the son of Adam de Audley and Emma, daughter of Ralph/Radulphus fitzOrm whose niece Alina, daughter of Robert fitzOrm, had married Engenulph de Gresley, one of the de Stafford family whose great-grandfather was [[Robert de Stafford]].<ref>Assize Rolls, 12 H. III. (p. 50, Vol. IV, Staff. Hist. Coll.), see [https://archive.org/stream/newcollectionsfo12stafuoft#page/8/mode/2up p.8 Walter Chetwynd's History of Pirehill Hundred], published in 'Collections for a History of Staffordshire', Vol. XXII New Series (1909)</ref> Engenulph and Alina's daughter Hawise de Gresley was Henry de Audley's 2nd cousin; she had married Henry de Verdun, son of [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram III de Verdun]]. This means that Laurence de Ludlow was related by marriage to cousins of his feudal lord Theobald de Verdun. Laurence's mother-in-law Ela de Audley was the daughter of William II Longespée, whose father [[William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury|William I Longespée]], Earl of Salisbury was the illegitimate son of [[King Henry II of England|Henry II]] by [[Ida de Tosny]], who became the wife of Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk. John de Verdun's grandfather, Nicholas de Verdun had been brought up at the court of Ida and [[Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk|Roger Bigod]].

Laurence bought the tenancy of Stokesay from Philip de Whichecote in 1281, possibly for around £266, which he could easily have afforded, as he had made a fortune from the wool trade.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=25–26}}; {{harvnb|La Touche|1899|p=301}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|It is impossible to accurately compare 13th-century and modern prices or incomes. For comparison, the average income for a baron of the period was £668 a year.<ref name=PoundsP148>{{harvnb|Pounds|1994|p=147}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Laurence exported wool from the [[Welsh Marches]], travelling across Europe to negotiate sales, and maintaining offices in Shrewsbury and London.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=26–27}}</ref> He had become the most important wool merchant in England, helping to set government trade policies and lending money to the major nobility.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=26, 28}}</ref> Stokesay Castle would form a secure personal home for Laurence, well-positioned close to his other business operations in the region.<ref name=SummersonPP26EH>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=26, 28}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/history-and-research/history/ | title=History of Stokesay Castle | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> It was also intended to be used as a commercial estate, as it was worth around £26 a year, with {{convert|120|acres}} of agricultural land, {{convert|6|acres}} of meadows, an expanse of woodland, along with [[watermill]]s and a [[dovecote|dovecot]].<ref name=SummersonPP26EH/>

Work began on the castle at some point after 1285, and Laurence moved into his new property in the early 1290s.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=26}}</ref> The castle was, as Nigel Pounds describes it, "both pretentious and comfortable", initially comprising living accommodation and a tower to the north.<ref>{{harvnb|Pounds|1994|p=105}}</ref> In 1291 Laurence received permission from the King to fortify his castle - a document called a [[licence to crenellate]] - and he may have used this authority to construct the southern tower, which had a particularly martial appearance and was added onto the castle shortly afterwards.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=26}}; {{harvnb|Pounds|1994|p=279}}; {{harvnb|Cordingley|1963|p=93}}</ref>

In November 1294 Laurence was drowned at sea off the south of England, and his son, William, may have finished some of the final work on Stokesay.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=28}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/history-and-research/history/ | title=History of Stokesay Castle | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> His descendants, who took the Ludlow surname, continued to control Stokesay Castle until the end of the 15th century, when it passed into the Vernon family by marriage.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=29}}</ref>

It appears that in 1317, Stokesay was still being held by the Ludlows under the de Verduns. This is shown by the Inquest Post Mortem of [[Theobald de Verdun, 2nd Baron Verdun|Theobald II de Verdun]] (son of Theobald I de Verdun), taken in March of that year, which ''gives the Heirs of Sir William de Lodlowe as holding of the deceased a knight's-fee in Southstoke'' ('north Stoke' was one of the de Verdun's other manors in Shropshire, Stoke-on-Tern).<ref>Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, Volume V, [https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesshro09eytogoog/page/n54 page 37]</ref> It was only sometime after this date that Stokesay finally passed entirely into the possession of the Ludlow family.

===16th–17th centuries===
[[File:Stokesay, castle courtyard and parish church - geograph.org.uk - 499686.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The courtyard, with the 13th-century south tower and solar block (l), the church (c) and the 17th-century wood and plaster gatehouse (r)]]

Stokesay Castle was passed by Thomas Vernon to his grandson Henry Vernon in 1563.<ref name=SummersonP30>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=30}}</ref> The family had hopes of becoming members of the peerage and, possibly as a consequence, the property began to be regularly called a "castle" for the first time during this period.<ref name=SummersonP30/> Henry divided his time between London and Stokesay, probably staying in the north tower.<ref name=SummersonP30/> Henry stood [[surety]] for an associate's debts and when they defaulted, he was pursued for this money, resulting in a period of imprisonment in [[Fleet Prison]]; by 1598 he sold the castle for £6,000 to pay off his own substantial debts.<ref name="Summerson 2012 21">{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=21}}</ref> The new owner, Sir [[George Mainwaring (MP, died 1628)|George Mainwaring]], sold the property on again in 1620, via a consortium of investors, to the wealthy widow and former Mayoress of London, Dame [[William Craven (Lord Mayor of London)|Elizabeth Craven]] for £13,500.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=31}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/history-and-research/history/ | title=History of Stokesay Castle | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|It is difficult to accurately compare 17th-century and modern prices or incomes. £13,500 could equate to between £2.4 million and £466.5 million in 2012 terms, depending on the measure used.<ref name="Measuring Worth">{{cite web | url=http://www.measuringworth.com/index.php| title=Measuring Worth Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1830 to Present| mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=Measuring Worth}}</ref>|group="nb"}} The estates around Stokesay were now valuable, bringing in over £300 a year in income.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=31}}</ref>

Elizabeth's son, [[William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)|William]], spent little time at Stokesay and by the 1640s had leased it out to Charles Baldwyn, and his son Samuel.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=32}}; {{harvnb|Mackenzie|1896|p=157}}; {{harvnb|Wright|1921|p=6}}</ref> He rebuilt the gatehouse during 1640 and 1641, however, at a cost of around £533.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=32}}</ref> In 1642 the [[English Civil War]] broke out between the supporters of King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and [[Parliament of England|Parliament]].<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=32–33}}</ref> A Royalist supporter, William spent the war years at [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Elizabeth Stuart]]'s court at [[the Hague]], and gave large sums of money to the King's war effort.<ref>{{harvnb|Donagan|2010|p=48}}; {{harvnb|Manganiello|2004|p=135}}</ref> William installed a garrison in the castle, where the Baldwins were also strong Royalists, and, as the conflict progressed, the county of Shropshire became increasingly Royalist in sympathies.<ref>{{harvnb|Purkiss|2006|p=153}}; {{harvnb|Wright|1921|p=6}}</ref> Despite this, by late 1644 bands of vigilante [[clubmen]] had risen up in Shropshire, complaining about the activities of Royalist forces in the region, and demanding, among other things, the removal of the garrison from Stokesay Castle.<ref>{{harvnb|Hutton|1999|p=165}}</ref>

[[File:Solar of Stokesay Castle, 2006.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|The [[Solar (room)|solar]], featuring 17th-century wood panelling]]

By early 1645 the war had turned decisively against the King, and in February, Parliamentary forces seized the county town of [[Shrewsbury]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wedgwood|1970|p=397}}</ref> This exposed the rest of the region to attack, and in June a force of 800 Parliamentary soldiers pushed south towards Ludlow, attacking Stokesay en route.<ref>{{harvnb|Wedgwood|1970|p=399}}; {{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=32}}</ref> The Royalist garrison, led by Captain Daurett, was heavily outnumbered and it would have been impossible for them to effectively defend the new gatehouse, which was essentially ornamental.<ref>{{harvnb|Pettifer|2002|pp=217–218}}; {{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=32–33}}; {{harvnb|Wright|1921|p=13}}</ref> Nonetheless, both sides complied with the protocols of warfare at the time, resulting in a bloodless victory for the Parliamentary force: the besiegers demanded that the garrison surrender, the garrison refused, the attackers demanded a surrender for a second time, and this time the garrison were able to give up the castle with dignity.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=33}}</ref>

Shortly afterwards on 9 June, a Royalist force led by Sir Michael Woodhouse attempted to recapture the castle, now garrisoned by Parliament.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=33–34}}; {{harvnb|Hutton|1999|p=183}}</ref> The counter-attack was unsuccessful, ending in the rout of the Royalist forces in a skirmish at the nearby village of [[Wistanstow]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wright|1921|pp=13–14}}</ref>

Unlike many castles in England which were deliberately seriously damaged, or [[slighting|slighted]], to put them beyond military use, Stokesay escaped substantial harm after the war.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Pettifer|2002|p=218}}</ref> Parliament sequestrated the property from William and ordered the slighting of the castle in 1647, but only pulled down the castle's [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]], leaving the rest of the complex intact.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Wright|1921|p=15}}</ref> Samuel returned in 1649 to continue to rent the castle during the years of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]], and put in wood panelling and new windows into parts of the property.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=34}}; {{harvnb|Cordingley|1963|p=104}}</ref> With the [[Restoration (England)|restoration of Charles II]] to the throne in 1660, William's lands were returned to him, and the Baldwyns continued to lease Stokesay Castle from him.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=35}}</ref>

===18th–19th centuries===
[[File:Stokesay Castle hall, 1868.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A sketch of the castle's [[hall]], including workers and visitors, by Frances Stackhouse-Acton in 1868]]

During the 18th century, Stokesay Castle continued to be leased by the Baldwyn family, although they sublet the property to a range of tenants; after this point it ceased to be used as a domestic dwelling.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=35}}; {{harvnb|Cordingley|1963|p=91}}</ref> Two wood and plaster buildings, built against the side of the [[hall]], were demolished around 1800, and by the early 19th century the castle was being used for storing grain and manufacturing, including barrel-making, coining and a smithy.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=35, 37}}</ref>

The castle began to deteriorate, and the [[antiquarian]] [[John Britton (antiquary)|John Britton]] noted during his visit in 1813 that it had been "abandoned to neglect, and rapidly advancing to ruin: the glass is destroyed, the ceilings and floors are falling, and the rains streams through the opening roof on the damp and mouldering walls".<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=35}}; {{harvnb|Britton|1814|p=145}}</ref> The smithy in the basement of the south tower resulted in a fire in 1830, which caused considerable damage to the castle, gutting the south tower.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=37}}</ref> Extensive decay in the bases of the [[cruck]] tresses in the castle's roof posed a particular threat to the hall, as the decaying roof began to push the walls apart.<ref>{{harvnb|Chitty|1999|p=91}}; {{harvnb|Cordingley|1963|p=102}}</ref>

Restoration work was carried out in the 1830s by [[William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven]].<ref name=Chitty1999P91>{{harvnb|Chitty|1999|p=91}}</ref> This was a deliberate attempt at conserving the existing building, rather than rebuilding it, and was a very unusual approach at this time.<ref name=Chitty1999P91/> By 1845, stone [[buttress]]es and pillars had been added to support parts of the hall and its roof.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=37}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/stokesay-castle-info-for-teachers/stokesaycastle.pdf | title=Stokesay Castle: Information for Teachers | mode = cs2|page=1| access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> Research by [[Thomas Hudson Turner|Thomas Turner]] was published in 1851, outlining the history of the castle.<ref>{{harvnb|Turner|1851}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/history-and-research/research/ | title=Research on Stokesay Castle | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> [[Frances Stackhouse Acton]], a local landowner, took a particular interest in the castle, and in 1853 convinced William to carry out further repair work on the castle, under her supervision, at a cost of £103.<ref name=Summerson2012P38>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=38}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|It is challenging to accurately compare 19th-century and modern prices or incomes. £103 could equate to between £8,825 and £233,300 in 2012 terms, depending on the measure used, and £215,000 to between £16 million and £329 million.<ref name="Measuring Worth"/>|group="nb"}}

In 1869 the Craven estate, {{convert|5200|acres}} in size but by now heavily mortgaged, was purchased by [[John Derby Allcroft]] for £215,000.<ref>{{harvnb|Hall|2010|p=146}}</ref> Allcroft was the head of [[Dents]], a major glove manufacturer, through which he had become extremely wealthy.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=36}}</ref> The estate included Stokesay Castle, where from around 1875 onwards Allcroft undertook extensive restoration work over several years.<ref name=Summerson2012P38/> Stokesay was in serious need of repairs: the visiting writer [[Henry James]] noted in 1877 that the property was in "a state of extreme decay".<ref name=Summerson2012P38/>

Allcroft attempted what the archaeologist Gill Chitty has described as a "simple and unaffected" programme of work, which generally attempted to avoid excessive intervention.<ref>{{harvnb|Chitty|1999|p=91}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/history-and-research/history/ | title=History of Stokesay Castle | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> He may have been influenced by the contemporary writings of the local [[vicar]], the Reverend James La Touche, who took a somewhat romanticised approach to the analysis of the castle's history and architecture.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/history-and-research/research/ | title=Research on Stokesay Castle | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}; {{harvnb|La Touche|1878}}</ref> The castle had become a popular sight for tourists and artists by the 1870s and the gatehouse was fitted out to form a house for a caretaker to oversee the property.<ref>{{harvnb|Chitty|1999|p=91}}; {{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=38}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/history-and-research/history/ | title=History of Stokesay Castle | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> Following the work, the castle was in good condition once again by the late 1880s.<ref name=Summerson2012PP38>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|pp=38, 40}}</ref>

===20th–21st centuries===
[[File:Stokesay Castle, Church and reflection - geograph.org.uk - 662658.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The south tower and the hall range reflected in the castle pond]]

Further repairs to Stokesay Castle were required in 1902, carried out by Allcroft's heir, Herbert, with help from the [[Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings]].<ref name=Summerson2012PP38/> The Allcroft family faced increasing financial difficulty in the 20th century and the castle was formally opened for visitors in 1908, with much of the revenue reinvested in the property, but funds for repairs remained in short supply.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=40}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/stokesay-castle/history-and-research/history/ | title=History of Stokesay Castle | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/stokesay-castle-info-for-teachers/stokesaycastle.pdf | title=Stokesay Castle: Information for Teachers | mode = cs2|page=1| access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> By the 1930s the Allcroft estate was in serious financial difficulties, and the payment of two sets of [[death duties]] in 1946 and 1950 added to the family's problems.<ref>{{harvnb|Chitty|1999|p=91}}; {{cite web | url=http://stokesaycourt.com/site/index.php/history-of-stokesay-court/ | title=History of Stokesay Court | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=Stokesay Court}}</ref>

Despite receiving considerable numbers of visitors – over 16,000 in 1955 – it was becoming increasingly impractical to maintain the castle, and calls were made for the State to take over the property.<ref>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=40}}; {{harvnb|Chitty|1999|p=91}}</ref> For several decades the owners, [[Philip Magnus-Allcroft|Philip and Jewell Magnus-Allcroft]], declined these proposals and continued to run the castle privately.<ref name=SummersonP40>{{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=40}}</ref> In 1986 Jewell finally agreed to place Stokesay Castle into the guardianship of [[English Heritage]], and the castle was left to the organisation on her death in 1992.<ref name=SummersonP40/>

The castle was passed to English Heritage largely unfurnished, with minimal interpretative material in place, and it needed fresh restoration.<ref>{{harvnb|Chitty|1999|p=92}}; {{harvnb|Summerson|2012|p=40}}</ref> There were various options for taking forward the work, including restoring the castle to resemble a particular period in its history; using interactive approaches such as "[[living history]]" to communicate the context to visitors; or using the site to demonstrate restoration techniques appropriate to different periods.<ref name=Chitty1999PP92>{{harvnb|Chitty|1999|pp=92–94}}</ref> These were rejected in favour of a policy of minimising any physical intervention during the restoration and preserving the building in the condition it was passed to English Heritage, including its unfurnished interior.<ref name=Chitty1999PP92/> The archaeologist Gill Chitty has described this as encouraging visitors to undergo a "personal discovery of a sense of historical relationship and event" around the castle.<ref>{{harvnb|Chitty|1999|p=92}}</ref> Against this background, an extensive programme of restoration work was carried out between August 1986 and December 1989.<ref name=ShropshireHER>{{cite web | url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MSA199&resourceID=1015 | title=Shropshire HER | mode = cs2| access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=Heritage Gateway}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Stokesay Castle continues to be operated by English Heritage as a tourist attraction, receiving 39,218 visitors in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.visitengland.org/Images/Final%20report_tcm30-27368.pdf | page=116 | title=Visitor Attraction Trends in England, 2010| mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=Visit England}}</ref> [[British Airways]], in conjunction with English Heritage, named their last [[Boeing 757]] aircraft ''Stokesay Castle'' in 2010 for its final month of flying.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/stokesay-castle-takes-to-the-sky/ | title=Stokesay Castle Takes to the Skies | mode = cs2|access-date=28 December 2013 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> The castle is protected under UK law as a Grade I [[listed building]] and as a [[scheduled monument]].<ref name=ShropshireHER/>