Editing Stockholm (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Stockholm}}
[[File:Stockholm Black Friars' vault 2023 (1).jpg|left|thumb|A 14th-century vaulted cellar remains of the [[Black Friars' Monastery of Stockholm|Black Friars' Monastery]] in the Old Town]]

Stockholm's location appears in [[Saga|Norse sagas]] as [[Agnafit]], and in [[Heimskringla]] in connection with the legendary king [[Agne]]. [[Birka]], located near Stockholm, was one of Sweden's major trade centres during the [[Viking Age]], and its restored remains are one of [[Stockholm County]]'s most-visited sites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birka – step back into the Viking Age |url=https://visitsweden.com/where-to-go/middle-sweden/uppland/birka-viking-heritage-stockholm/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=visitsweden.com |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192117/https://visitsweden.com/where-to-go/middle-sweden/uppland/birka-viking-heritage-stockholm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in [[Bergslagen]] made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name ({{lang|sv|stock}}) means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word ({{lang|de|Stock}}) meaning [[fortification]]. The second part of the name ({{lang|sv|holm}}) means islet and is thought to refer to the islet [[Helgeandsholmen]] in central Stockholm. One theory for the name is that it refers to [[pile barrage]]s. According to ''[[Erik's Chronicle]]'' the city is said to have been founded by [[Birger Jarl]] to protect Sweden from sea invasions made by [[Karelia (historical province of Finland)|Karelians]] after the [[Sigtuna|pillage of Sigtuna]] on Lake Mälaren in the summer of 1187.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carlquist |first1=Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gIK29dXvMAC |title=The Chronicle of Duke Erik: A Verse Epic from Medieval Sweden |last2=Hogg |first2=Peter C. |last3=Österberg |first3=Eva |date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Nordic Academic Press |isbn=9789185509577 |access-date=19 June 2016 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024706/https://books.google.com/books?id=2gIK29dXvMAC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm's core, the present Old Town ([[Gamla Stan]]) was built on the central island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid-13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the [[Hanseatic League]]. Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with [[Lübeck]], [[Hamburg]], [[Gdańsk]] (Danzig), [[Visby]], [[Tallinn]] (Reval), and [[Riga]] during this time.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.river-cities.net/pages/cities/stockholm |title = Retrieved from |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916050317/http://www.river-cities.net/pages/cities/stockholm |archive-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Stockholm's oldest preserved [[charter]], the ''Letter of Privilege from the Privy Council (''{{Langx|sv|Riksrådets privilegiebrev}}'')'', was issued by the [[Privy Council of Sweden]] on 1 May 1436 as a reward for the city's loyalty and service to the realm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Privilegiebrev - Riksrådet |url=https://sok.stadsarkivet.stockholm.se/Databas/privilegiebreven/Visa/riksradet/2?sidindex=0 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221129100857/https://sok.stadsarkivet.stockholm.se/databas/privilegiebreven/Visa/riksradet/2?sidindex=0 |archive-date=2022-11-29 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=sok.stadsarkivet.stockholm.se |language=en}}</ref> The document granted Stockholm significant rights and freedoms, affirming its role as the political and economic centre of Sweden.<ref>[http://www.stockholmskallan.se/PostFiles/SMF/SD/TR0024002.pdf Transcription of the privilege letter] at Stockholmskällan (in Swedish)</ref> It is regarded as marking the beginning of Stockholm's status as the [[de facto]] [[capital of Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Stockholm |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Friman, Helena (2008). ''Stockholm, en historia i kartor och bilder'', p. 31.</ref>

The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the rulers of the [[Kalmar Union]] and the Swedish anti-unionist movement in the fifteenth century and early sixteenth century. The Danish union monarch [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]] was able to enter the city in 1520 and on 8 November of that year, a massacre of opposition figures called the [[Stockholm Bloodbath]] took place and set off further uprisings that eventually led to the breakup of the Kalmar Union with the reattainment of Swedish independence. With the accession of [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] in 1523 and the establishment of royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, reaching 10,000 by 1600.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kung Gustav Vasa |url=https://www.kungligaslotten.se/regentlangd/gustav-vasa.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.kungligaslotten.se |language=sv |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192117/https://www.kungligaslotten.se/regentlangd/gustav-vasa.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Suecia 1-013 ; Stockholm från öster-right side detail.jpg|left|thumb|Detail of engraving of Stockholm from {{lang|la|[[Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna]]}} by [[Erik Dahlbergh]] and [[Willem Swidde]], printed in 1693]]

The seventeenth century saw Sweden grow into a major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680 the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish, Baltic and [[Scandinavia]]n territories. In 1697, [[Tre Kronor (castle)|Tre Kronor Castle]] burned down and was replaced eventually by [[Stockholm Palace]]; the time of the [[Swedish Empire]] also saw several architectural modernisations of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Kingdom of Sweden as a great European power in the Baltic region {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Sweden |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192119/https://www.britannica.com/summary/Sweden |url-status=live }}</ref>

The beginning of the Swedish Empire saw a renaissance in the arts and sciences; the new queen, [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina]], was a strong supporter of science and culture. [[René Descartes|Réne Descartes]], one of the most prominent European philosophers of his time, died in Stockholm; he had been hosted by the queen for several years prior to his death. Inventors, like [[Christopher Polhem]], moved to the city during the time of the Swedish Empire. Academics also spent much time in Stockholm, like [[Olaus Rudbeck]], rector of the [[Uppsala University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christopher Polhem {{!}} Inventor, Automata, Inventions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Polhem |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408074901/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Polhem |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout Sweden's history, [[Walls of Stockholm|walls]] were created in Stockholm to defend the city from attacks. These defensive walls were modified throughout the 13th to the 16th century. In 1625, the [[Great Stockholm Fire of 1625]] destroyed the southwestern section of [[Stadsholmen]], an island in the centre of Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2674661.html |title=Stadsholmen, Stockholm socken, Stockholms domkyrkoförs., Stockholms Kommun, Stockholm, Sweden |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331060635/https://www.mindat.org/feature-2674661.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The amount of destruction led to the beginning of the demolition of the Stockholm walls. Today, most of the younger city walls cannot be found anywhere above ground. However, parts of the northern city walls are preserved in the modern [[Museum of Medieval Stockholm]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Medieval Museum – The City of Stockholm |url=https://medeltidsmuseet.stockholm/en/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=medeltidsmuseet.stockholm |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192131/https://medeltidsmuseet.stockholm/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Map of Stockholm (1713).tif|thumb|Map of Stockholm (1713)]]

In 1710, a [[Plague (disease)|plague]] [[Great Northern War plague outbreak|killed about 20,000]] (36 percent) of the population.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&pg=PA9 Stockholm: A Cultural History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819212801/https://books.google.com/books?id=sB7rtxDpeB4C&pg=PA9&dq&hl=en |date=19 August 2020 }}''. Tony Griffiths (2009). [[Oxford University Press]] the US. p.9. {{ISBN|0-19-538638-8}}</ref> After the end of the [[Great Northern War]] the city stagnated; population growth halted and economic growth slowed. The city was in shock after having lost its place as the capital of a [[great power]]. However, Stockholm maintained its role as Sweden's political centre and continued to develop as the country's economic and cultural capital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2023 |title=Stockholm {{!}} History, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Stockholm |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003072437/https://www.britannica.com/place/Stockholm |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in the late eighteenth century, the city flourished. The new monarch, [[Gustav III]], proved an able and energetic regnant; his economic policies helped the [[Economy of Sweden|Swedish economy]] develop, and his partially successful [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|war against Russia]] restored some of Sweden's international reputation. The king was an avid patron of the arts, and scientists and cultural figures flocked to Stockholm on a scale unprecedented since the reign of [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Queen Christina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swedish Enlightenment {{!}} Age of Liberty, Gustav III & Enlightenment Ideas {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Swedish-Enlightenment |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192115/https://www.britannica.com/art/Swedish-Enlightenment |url-status=live }}</ref>

During this time, [[Carl Michael Bellman]] and [[Joseph Martin Kraus]] helped develop the city's music, a process further accelerated by the founding of the [[Royal Swedish Opera]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History - the Royal Swedish Opera |url=https://www.operan.se/en/about-the-opera/our-history/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=www.operan.se |language=en-US |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018051305/https://www.operan.se/en/about-the-opera/our-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Various artists and writers became prominent, funded by the king and other cultural patrons like [[Carl Gustaf Tessin]]; the two aforementioned figures laid the base for Sweden's [[Nationalmuseum]] at this time. Science also became prevalent; renowned figures like [[Carl Linnaeus]] and [[Anders Celsius]] spent time in Stockholm, and various research institutes, like the [[Stockholm Observatory]], were founded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm Observatory |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/stockholm-observatory |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027223219/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/stockholm-observatory |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Stockholm panorama 1868.jpg|thumb|right|Panorama over Stockholm c. 1868 as seen from a [[hot air balloon]]]]

The early nineteenth century saw a major economic decline of Stockholm and Sweden as a whole, but by the second half of the nineteenth century, Stockholm had regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged with industrialisation and Stockholm was transformed into an important trade and service centre as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew dramatically during this time, mainly through [[immigration]]. At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 40% of the residents were Stockholm-born, with most migrants being from poorer rural Sweden; major settlement began to expand outside the historical city limits. The nineteenth century also saw the establishment of a number of scientific institutes and universities, including the [[Karolinska Institutet]] and [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology]]. The [[General Art and Industrial Exposition of Stockholm (1897)|General Art and Industrial Exposition]] was held in 1897,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm Great Art and Industrial Exhibition of 1897. |url=https://jdpecon.com/expo/wfstockholm1897.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=jdpecon.com |archive-date=28 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028192120/https://jdpecon.com/expo/wfstockholm1897.html |url-status=live }}</ref> drawing international attention. From 1887 to 1953 the [[Old Stockholm telephone tower]] was a landmark; originally built to link phone lines, it became redundant after these were buried, and it was later used for advertising before its demolition in the twentieth century. The early twentieth century also saw the creation of the [[Nobel Prize]]s, some of Stockholm's most renowned institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The official website of the Nobel Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/ |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US |archive-date=27 April 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990427053453/https://www.nobelprize.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stockholm became a modern and ethnically diverse city in the latter half of the 20th century. Many historical buildings were torn down during the [[modernism|modernist]] era, including substantial parts of the historical district of [[Klara (Stockholm)|Klara]] (which caused major controversy), and replaced with modern architecture. However, in many other parts of Stockholm (such as in [[Gamla stan]], [[Södermalm]], [[Östermalm]], [[Kungsholmen]] and [[Vasastan, Stockholm|Vasastan]]), many older buildings, blocks and streets built before the modernism and [[functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]] movements survived this era of demolition. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from industrial activities into more high-tech and service industry areas, which still dominate the city's economy today.<ref name="eurocompanyformations.com"/>

Stockholm's metropolitan area has become one of the fastest-growing regions in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} In 2020 alone, Stockholm's population increased by 1,477.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kommuner i siffror|url=https://kommunsiffror.scb.se/?id1=1280&id2=0180|access-date=26 December 2021|language=sv|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226103737/https://kommunsiffror.scb.se/?id1=1280&id2=0180|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of this massive population growth, there has been a proposal to build densely packed high-rise buildings in the city centre connected by elevated walkways, though these have been opposed by several groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Feargus O'Sullivan |title=The Sky Walk Plan That Could Change the Face of Stockholm |url=http://www.citylab.com/design/2016/01/the-floating-sky-walk-plan-that-could-change-the-face-of-stockholm/423690/ |access-date=17 March 2016 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=12 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304144207/http://www.citylab.com/design/2016/01/the-floating-sky-walk-plan-that-could-change-the-face-of-stockholm/423690/ |url-status=live }}</ref>