Editing Steubenville, Ohio (section)

==History==
[[File:Historical Collections of Ohio- An Encyclopedia of the State; History Both General and Local, Geography with Descriptions of Its Counties, Cities and Villages, Its Agricultural, Manufacturing, Mining (14586419058).jpg|thumb|left|An 1846 engraving of downtown Steubenville, with the [[Jefferson County Courthouse (Ohio)|Jefferson County Courthouse]] visible on the right]]
In 1786–87, soldiers of the [[First American Regiment]] under Major [[Jean François Hamtramck]] built [[Fort Steuben]] to protect the government surveyors mapping the land west of the [[Ohio River]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Gordon |title=History Corner: Fort Steuben |journal=Professional Surveyor |year=2009 |url=https://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=70281 |access-date=June 24, 2020}}</ref> and named the fort in honor of Baron [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]]. When the surveyors completed their task a few years later, the fort was abandoned. In the meantime, settlers had built homes around the fort; they named their settlement Steubenville. The name Steubenville was derived from [[Fort Steuben]] to honor [[Baron von Steuben]] (the fort was named for the Baron). The town was sometimes referred to as La Belle City, a [[franglais]] interpretation of "The Beautiful City".<ref name="Andrews 1897">{{cite book |last=Andrews |first=J.H. |title=Centennial Souvenir of Steubenville and Jefferson County Ohio 1797–1897 |publisher=Herald Publishing Company |year=1897 |location=Steubenville, OH}}</ref>

On July 29, 1797, [[Jefferson County, Ohio|Jefferson County]] was organized by a proclamation of Governor [[Arthur St. Clair]], and Steubenville was selected as the county seat. It was [[plat]]ted in the same year by Bezaliel Wells and [[James Ross (Pennsylvania congressman)|James Ross]], the city's co-founders. Wells, a government surveyor born in [[Baltimore]], received about {{convert|1000|acre|km2|0}} of land west of the Ohio River; Ross, a lawyer from [[Pittsburgh]], owned the land north of Wells.<ref name="Andrews 1897" />

On March 1, 1803, [[Ohio]] was admitted to the Union as the 17th state.<ref name="MS">{{cite book |last=Stockwell |first=Mary |title=The Ohio Adventure |publisher=Gibbs Smith |year=2006 |location=Layton, UT |page=88 |isbn=9781423623823 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC}}</ref> During the first half of the nineteenth century, Steubenville was primarily a port town, and the rest of the county was small villages and farms. Steubenville received a city charter in 1851. In 1856, Frazier, Kilgore and Company erected a rolling mill (the forerunner of steel mills) and the Steubenville Coal and Mining Company sank a coal shaft. The city was a stop along the [[Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad]], which connected Pittsburgh to [[Chicago]] and [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]].

The [[Steubenville Female Seminary]], also known as Beatty's Seminary for Young Ladies or Steubenville Seminary, was an early private educational institution for women founded by Presbyterian minister Charles Clinton Beatty in 1829. It was closed in 1898 and the buildings were eventually razed for part of what is now [[Ohio State Route 7]].

[[File:PostcardSteubenvilleOHMarketStreet1910.jpg|thumb|left|Market Street in 1910]]

In 1946, the College of Steubenville was founded by the [[Franciscan]] [[Friar]]s of the [[Third Order of St. Francis|Third Order Regular]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Franciscan University of Steubenville |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |access-date=November 7, 2006 |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2514}}</ref> In 1980, its name was changed to University of Steubenville, and finally in 1985 to [[Franciscan University of Steubenville]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Franciscan University of Steubenville |access-date=January 18, 2013 |url=http://www.franciscan.edu/OurHistory/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118000741/http://www.franciscan.edu/OurHistory/ |archive-date=January 18, 2013 }}</ref> In 1966, the Jefferson County Technical Institute was founded. In 1977, its name was changed to Jefferson Technical College. In 1995, it became a community college and was renamed Jefferson Community College. In 2009, the college expanded its service district by three Ohio counties, and was renamed again: [[Eastern Gateway Community College]].

In 1997, the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] accused the city and its police force of subjecting individuals to excessive force, false arrests, and improper stops, searches, and seizures, as well as retaliating against those who witnessed police misconduct or criticized the force. The department's report also noted that officers falsified reports and tampered with police recorders to hide misconduct.<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/documents/steubencomp.php 1997 DoJ complaint against Steubenville]</ref> This led the city to become the second in the U.S. to sign a consent decree with the federal government, agreeing to improve police training, establish new guidelines, and create an internal affairs unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/why-nobody-trusts-steubenville-171732708.html|title=Why Nobody Trusts Steubenville|first=Alexander |last=Abad-Santos|work=The Atlantic Wire|date=January 7, 2013}}</ref> The decree ended on March 4, 2005, after reforms were implemented, and in 2020, the city council reviewed and confirmed ongoing improvements in use of force policies, training, and data.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Linda |date=June 8, 2020 |title=Steubenville City Council Discusses Police Policy |work=Herald-Star Newspaper |url=https://www.heraldstaronline.com/news/local-news/2020/07/steubenville-city-council-discusses-police-policy/ |access-date=September 18, 2022}}</ref>

The city's speed camera program, which began in 2005, generated $600,000 in revenue from nearly 7,000 tickets issued. However, in March 2006, the Jefferson County Court of Common Pleas ruled the program's supporting ordinance unconstitutional. Despite this, the city refused to remove the cameras, citing a contract with Traffipax, Inc. and defied the judge's order by reinstating an identical ordinance. Councilman Michael Hernon was the only one to dissent.<ref>[http://www.wtov9.com/news/9402098/detail.html "Steubenville Reinstates Traffic Cameras" 20 June. 2006. WTOV9]</ref> In mid-2006, an attorney filed a class-action lawsuit, and in December 2007, the city was forced to refund $258,000 for illegally collected fines.<ref name="HS_050407">{{cite news | last = Law | first = Mark | title = Traffic camera case returns | publisher = Herald Star | date = May 4, 2007 | url = http://www.hsconnect.com/news/articles.asp?articleID=13402 | access-date = May 8, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055147/http://www.hsconnect.com/news/articles.asp?articleID=13402 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = September 28, 2007}}</ref> Additionally, a referendum in November 2006 led to a 76.2% majority vote to end the program.<ref>"Steubenville, Ohio Voters Overwhelmingly Reject Speed Cameras." November 8, 2006. theNewspaper. November 8, 2006 [http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/14/1433.asp].</ref>

The city gained international attention in late 2012 from the events surrounding the [[Steubenville High School rape case]], which occurred in August 2012. The case was first covered by ''[[The New York Times]]'' that December, followed by the computer hacker group [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] later that month, and the subsequent coverage of the trials in late 2013. The case was significant in the extensive use of social media as evidence and in opening a national discussion on the concept of [[rape culture]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/18/fox-news-steubenville-rape-victim_n_2901635.html|title=CNN, Fox News, MSNBC Air Name of Steubenville Rape Victim|date=March 18, 2013|last=Fung|first=Katherine|work=[[The Huffington Post]]}}</ref><ref name=nyt20121217>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/sports/high-school-football-rape-case-unfolds-online-and-divides-steubenville-ohio.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1& |title=Rape Case Unfolds on Web and Splits City |work=The New York Times |date=December 16, 2012|last1=Schweber|first1=Nate|last2=Macur|first2=Juliet}}</ref>