Editing Stephen Wolfram (section)

== Early life ==
=== Family ===
Stephen Wolfram was born in London in 1959 to [[Hugo Wolfram|Hugo]] and [[Sybil Wolfram|Sybil]] Wolfram, both [[German Jewish]] refugees to the United Kingdom.<ref>''The Universal Mind: The Evolution of Machine Intelligence and Human Psychology'', Xiphias Press, 1 Sep 2016, Michael Peragine</ref> His maternal grandmother was British [[psychoanalyst]] [[Kate Friedlander]].

Wolfram's father, [[Hugo Wolfram]], was a textile manufacturer and served as managing director of the Lurex Company—makers of the fabric [[Lurex]].<ref name="Telling a good yarn by Jenny Lunnon">[http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/business/profiles/931620.Telling_a_good_yarn/ Telling a good yarn by Jenny Lunnon], Oxford Times, Thursday 21 September 2006.</ref> Wolfram's mother, [[Sybil Wolfram]], was a Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at [[Lady Margaret Hall]] at [[University of Oxford]] from 1964 to 1993.<ref>[http://www.psychoanalytikerinnen.de/greatbritain_biographies.html#Friedlaender Kate Friedländer née Frankl (1902–1949)], Psychoanalytikerinnen. Biografisches Lexikon.</ref>

Wolfram is married to a mathematician. They have four children together.<ref>{{cite episode|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2009/05/29/2584139.htm|title=Stephen Wolfram|series=Sunday Profile|network=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|airdate=2009-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.stephenwolfram.com/scrapbook/biofacts/ | title=The Life and Times of Stephen Wolfram: Biographical Facts | access-date=3 May 2023 }}</ref>

=== Education ===
Wolfram was educated at [[Eton College]], but left prematurely in 1976.<ref>[http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2014/06/a-speech-for-high-school-graduates/ A Speech for (High-School) Graduates] by Stephen Wolfram (a commencement speech for Stanford Online High School), StephenWolfram.com, 9 June 2014: "You know, as it happens, I myself never officially graduated from high school, and this is actually the first high school graduation I've ever been to."</ref> As a young child, Wolfram had difficulties learning arithmetic.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/24/us/physicist-awarded-genius-prize-finds-reality-in-invisible-world.html PHYSICIST AWARDED 'GENIUS' PRIZE FINDS REALITY IN INVISIBLE WORLD], by GLADWIN HILL, ''New York Times'', 24 May 1981: "''When I first went to school, they thought I was behind'', he says, ''because I didn't want to read the silly books they gave us. And I never was able to do arithmetic.'' It was when he got into higher mathematics, such as calculus, he says, that he realized there was an invisible world that he wanted to explore."</ref> He entered [[St. John's College, Oxford]], at age 17 and left in 1978<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bbN-6aDFrrAC&q=murray+gelman+STephen+wolfram&pg=PA151 Complexity: A Guided Tour]'' by Melanie Mitchell, 2009, p. 151: "In the early 1980s, Stephen Wolfram, a physicist working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, became fascinated by cellular automata and the patterns they make. Wolfram is one of those legendary child prodigies people like to tell stories about. Born in London in 1959, Wolfram published his first physics paper at 15. Two years later, in the summer after his first year at Oxford, ...  Wolfram wrote a paper in the field of 'quantum chromodynamics' that attracted the attention of Nobel-Prize-winning physicist Murray Gell-Mann, who invited Wolfram to join his group at Caltech."</ref> without graduating{{r|arndt20020517}}<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jun/29/stephen-wolfram-textbook-never-interested-me-wolframalpha Stephen Wolfram: 'The textbook has never interested me': The British child genius who abandoned physics to devote himself to coding and the cosmos], by Zoë Corbyn, The Guardian, Saturday 28 June 2014: "He entered Oxford University at 17 without A-levels and left around a year later without graduating. He was bored and he had been invited to cross the pond by the prestigious California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to do a PhD. "I had written a bunch of papers and so was pretty well known by that time."</ref> to attend the [[California Institute of Technology]] the following year, where he received a PhD<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=114676}}</ref> in particle physics in 1980.<ref name="wolframphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Stephen|last=Wolfram |title=Some Topics in Theoretical High-Energy Physics |publisher=California Institute of Technology |date=1980 |url=https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/2597}}</ref> Wolfram's [[thesis|thesis committee]] was composed of [[Richard Feynman]], [[Peter Goldreich]], [[Frank J. Sciulli]], and [[Steven Frautschi]], and chaired by [[Richard D. Field]].<ref name="wolframphd"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StephenWolframCalTechThesisApplication.pdf |title=English: StephenWolframCalTechThesisApplication |date=7 November 1974 |via=Wikimedia Commons }}</ref>