Editing Stem cell (section)

== History ==
The term ''stem cell'' was coined by [[Theodor Boveri]] and [[Valentin Haecker]] in late 19th century.<ref name="origin">{{cite journal |last1=Ramalho-Santos |first1=Miguel |last2=Willenbring |first2=Holger |title=On the Origin of the Term 'Stem Cell' |journal=Cell Stem Cell |date=June 2007 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |doi=10.1016/j.stem.2007.05.013 |pmid=18371332 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Pioneering works in theory of blood stem cell were conducted in the beginning of 20th century by [[Artur Pappenheim]], [[Alexander A. Maximow]], [[Franz Ernst Christian Neumann]].<ref name="origin" />

The key properties of a stem cell were first defined by [[Ernest McCulloch]] and [[James Till]] at the University of Toronto and the Ontario Cancer Institute in the early 1960s. They discovered the blood-forming stem cell, the [[hematopoietic stem cell]] (HSC), through their pioneering work in mice. McCulloch and Till began a series of experiments in which bone marrow cells were injected into irradiated mice. They observed lumps in the spleens of the mice that were linearly proportional to the number of bone marrow cells injected. They hypothesized that each lump (colony) was a clone arising from a single marrow cell (stem cell). In subsequent work, McCulloch and Till, joined by graduate student [[Andrew John Becker]] and senior scientist [[Louis Siminovitch]], confirmed that each lump did in fact arise from a single cell. Their results were published in ''Nature'' in 1963. In that same year, Siminovitch was a lead investigator for studies that found colony-forming cells were capable of self-renewal, which is a key defining property of stem cells that Till and McCulloch had theorized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2018/the-accidental-discovery-of-stem-cells.php|title =The Accidental Discovery of Stem Cells|last1=MacPherson|first1=Colleen|website=USask News|publisher=University of Saskatchewan|access-date=3 December 2019|ref=1|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

The first therapy using stem cells was a [[bone marrow transplant]] performed by French oncologist [[Georges Mathé]] in 1956 on five workers at the [[Vinča Nuclear Institute]] in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] who had been affected by a [[criticality accident]]. The workers all survived.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinca reactor accident, 1958 |url=https://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1958YUG1.html |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.johnstonsarchive.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127110604/http://johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1958YUG1.html|archive-date=27 January 2011|first=Wm. Robert |last=Johnston}}</ref>

In 1981, embryonic stem (ES) cells were first isolated and successfully cultured using mouse blastocysts by British biologists [[Martin Evans]] and [[Matthew Kaufman]]. This allowed the formation of murine genetic models, a system in which the genes of mice are deleted or altered in order to study their function in pathology. In 1991, a process that allowed the human stem cell to be isolated was patented by Ann Tsukamoto. By 1998, human embryonic stem cells were first isolated by American biologist [[James Thomson (cell biologist)|James Thomson]], which made it possible to have new transplantation methods or various cell types for testing new treatments. In 2006, [[Shinya Yamanaka]]'s team in Kyoto, Japan converted fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells by modifying the expression of only four genes. The feat represents the origin of induced pluripotent stem cells, known as iPS cells.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2014/stem-cells-a-brief-history-and-outlook-2/|title=Stem Cells: A Brief History and Outlook|last1=Ferreira|first1=Leonardo|date=2014-01-03|website=Stem Cells: A Brief History and Outlook – Science in the News|publisher=WordPress|access-date=3 December 2019|ref=2|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

In 2011, a female [[maned wolf]], run over by a truck, underwent stem cell treatment at the {{Ill|Zoo Brasília|pt|Jardim Zoológico de Brasília}}, this being the first recorded case of the use of stem cells to heal injuries in a wild animal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Rebecca |date=2011-01-15 |title=Injured Brazilian Wolf Is First Wild Animal Treated With Stem Cells |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-01/injured-brazilian-wolf-first-wild-animal-treated-stem-cells/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=suporte |date=2011-01-11 |title=Tratamento |url=https://www.cfmv.gov.br/tratamento/comunicacao/noticias/2011/01/11/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |publisher=Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária |language=pt-BR}}</ref>