Editing Steel guitar (section)

==History==
In the late 19th century, European sailors and Portuguese  [[vaqueros]], hired by Hawaii's king to work cattle ranches, introduced [[Classical guitar|Spanish guitars]] in the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="premier-ross">{{cite magazine |last1=Ross |first1=Michael |title=Pedal to the Metal: A Short History of the Pedal Steel Guitar |url=https://www.premierguitar.com/articles/22152-pedal-to-the-metal-a-short-history-of-the-pedal-steel-guitar |magazine=[[Premier Guitar Magazine]] |access-date=September 1, 2017 |date=February 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name="vaqueros">{{cite news |last1=Fox |first1=Margalit |title=Ray Kane, Master of Slack-Key Guitar, Dies at 82 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/05/arts/music/05kane.html |access-date=December 11, 2017 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 5, 2008}}</ref>  For whatever reason, Hawaiians did not embrace standard guitar tuning that had been in use for centuries.<ref name="standard-tuning">{{cite web|last1=Owen|first1=Jeff|title=Standard Tuning: How EADGBE Came to Be|url=https://www.fender.com/articles/tech-talk/standard-tuning-how-eadgbe-came-to-be|website=[[Fender Musical Instrument Corporation|fender.com]]|access-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref> They re-tuned their guitars to make them sound a major chord when all six strings were strummed, now known as an "[[open tuning]]".<ref name="dummies">{{cite web|last1=Chapell|first1=Jon|title=Tuning for Slide Guitar: Standard or Open?|url=http://www.dummies.com/art-center/music/guitar/tuning-for-slide-guitar-standard-or-open/|website=[[For Dummies|dummies.com]]|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|access-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref> The term for this is "[[Slack-key guitar|slack-key]]" because certain strings were "slackened" to achieve it.<ref name="premier-ross"/> With the advent of guitar strings made of steel instead of [[catgut]], new possibilities opened for the islanders.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Troutman |first1=John William |title=Kīkā kila : How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed the Sound of Modern Music|date=2016 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=9781469627939 |edition=ebook}}</ref> They used some smooth object, usually a piece of pipe or metal, sliding it over the strings to the fourth or fifth position, easily playing a three-chord song.{{efn|The Hawaiians also learned to play this re-tuned guitar without a steel, fretting it and holding it against the body like a traditional guitar. This led to its own genre known as [[slack-key guitar]].<ref name="vaqueros"/><ref name="slackey">{{cite web |last1=Peterson |first1=Jeff |title=Jeff Peterson Demonstrates Slack Key Guitar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3n30zlFCtg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/c3n30zlFCtg| archive-date=2021-11-13 | url-status=live|website=jeffpetersonguitar.com |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=May 10, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} It is physically difficult to hold a steel bar against the strings while holding the guitar against the body (hand [[Anatomical terms of motion|supinated]]) so the Hawaiians placed the guitar across the lap and played it with the hand [[Anatomical terms of motion|pronated]]. Playing this way became popular throughout Hawaii and spread internationally.<ref name="premier-ross"/>

[[Oahu]]-born [[Joseph Kekuku]] became proficient in this style of playing around the end of the 19th century and popularized it—some sources say he invented the steel guitar.<ref name="History of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar">{{Cite web | title=History of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar | website=Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association | url=http://www.hsga.org/new_design/history.htm# | access-date=21 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729101332/http://www.hsga.org/new_design/history.htm | archive-date=July 29, 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He moved to the U.S. and became a [[vaudeville]] performer and also toured Europe performing Hawaiian music. The Hawaiian style of playing spread to America and became popular during the first half of the 20th&nbsp;century; noted players of the era were [[Frank Ferera]], [[Sam Ku West]], [["King" Bennie Nawahi]] and [[Sol Hoʻopiʻi]]. Hoʻopiʻi ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|oʊ|oʊ|'|p|iː|i}} {{respell|hoh|oh|PEE|ee}})<ref name="volkbook">{{cite book |last1=Volk |first1=Andy |title=Lap Steel Guitar |date=2003 |publisher=Centerstream |location=Anaheim, California |isbn=978-1-57424-134-1}}</ref> was perhaps the most famous of the Hawaiians who spread the sound of instrumental lap steel worldwide.<ref name="premier-ross"/> This music became popular to the degree that it was called the "Hawaiian craze"<ref name="hawaiian-electric">{{cite book |last1=Duchossoir |first1=A.R. |title=Gibson electric steel guitars : 1935–1967 |date=2009 |publisher=[[Hal Leonard Books]] |location=Milwaukee, WI |isbn=978-1-4234-5702-2 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYmWrWeuB_0C}}</ref> and was ignited by a number of events.

[[File:Bird of Paradise Ad.jpg|thumb|An advertisement for the Broadway show "The Bird of Paradise"]]
The annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in 1900 stimulated Americans' interest in Hawaiian music and customs.<ref name="wrightstyle">{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Michael |title=Island Style: How Hawaiian Music Helped Make the Guitar America's Instrument |url=https://acousticguitar.com/how-hawaiian-music-helped-make-the-guitar-americas-instrument/ |website=acousticguitar.com |publisher=[[Acoustic Guitar Magazine|Acoustic Guitar (magazine)]] |access-date=July 11, 2020 |date=November 28, 2018}}</ref>  In 1912, a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical show called [[The Bird of Paradise (play)|''The Bird of Paradise'']]  premiered; it featured Hawaiian music and elaborate costumes.<ref name="hawaiian-conquest">{{cite book |last1=Ruymar |first1=Lorene |title=The Hawaiian Steel Guitar and Its Great Hawaiian Musicians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlDSDopg3HoC&pg=PA31|publisher=Centerstream Publications|page=31 |date=1996|isbn=9781574240214 }}</ref>  The show became quite successful and, to ride this wave of success, it toured the U.S. and Europe, eventually spawning the 1932 film ''[[Bird of Paradise (1932 film)|Bird of Paradise]]''.<ref name="hawaiian-electric"/> Joseph Kekuku was a member of the show's original cast<ref name="hawaii-picture">{{cite news |title=Hawaiian Music to be Feature of Big Chautauqua Program |newspaper=The Colville Examiner |location=Colville, WA |date=July 22, 1916 |issue=456 |page=6 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/194800418 |access-date=December 10, 2017}}</ref> and toured with the show for eight years.<ref name="unveil-statue">{{cite web|title=Polynesian Cultural Center Unveils Statue of Joseph Keku, Inventor of the Hawaiian Steel Guitar |url=https://www.polynesia.com/polynesian-cultural-center-unveils-statue-of-joseph-kekuku-inventor-of-the-hawaiian-steel-guitar |website=polynesia.com |publisher=[[Polynesian Cultural Center]] |access-date=December 9, 2017 |date=2015}}</ref> In 1918, ''[[The Washington Herald]]'' stated, "So great is the popularity of Hawaiian music in this country that ''The Bird of Paradise'' will go on record as having created the greatest musical fad this country has ever known".<ref name="herald-fad">{{cite news |title=Bird of Paradise Brought Hawaiian Music Fad East |newspaper=[[The Washington Herald]] |date=April 14, 1918 |issue=4188 |page=1 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/75988934 |access-date=December 9, 2017}}</ref>
In 1915, a world's fair called the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]] was held in San Francisco to celebrate the opening of the [[Panama Canal]] and over a nine-month period introduced the Hawaiian style of guitar playing to millions of visitors.<ref name="volkbook"/> In 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian instruments outsold every other genre of music in the U.S.<ref name="smithsoniainins">{{cite web |last1=Shah |first1=Haleema |title=How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed American Music |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-hawaiian-steel-guitar-changed-american-music-180972028/ |website=smithsonianmag.com |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |access-date=October 22, 2020 |date=April 25, 2019}}</ref>

Radio broadcasts played a role in fueling the popularity of Hawaiian music.<ref name="radiohawcalls">{{cite web |last1=Soboleski |first1=Hank |title='Hawaii Calls' radio program broadcasts from Kauai |url=https://www.thegardenisland.com/2013/10/13/lifestyles/hawaii-calls-radio-program-broadcasts-from-kauai/ |website=thegardenisland.com |publisher=The Garden Island |access-date=November 26, 2020 |date=October 13, 2013}}</ref> ''[[Hawaii Calls]]'' was a program originating in Hawaii and broadcast to the U.S. mainland west coast. It featured the steel guitar, [[ukulele]], and Hawaiian songs sung in English. Subsequently, the program was heard worldwide on over 750 stations.<ref name="hawaii-calls">{{cite book|last1=Ruymar|first1=Lorene|title=The Hawaiian Steel Guitar and Its Great Hawaiian Musicians/Hawaii Calls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WlDSDopg3HoC|publisher=Centerstream|page=46 |date=1996|isbn=978-1-57424-021-4}}</ref> Sol Hoʻopiʻi began broadcasting live from KHJ radio in Los Angeles in 1923.<ref name="wrightstyle"/> By the 1920s, Hawaiian music instruction for children was becoming common in the U.S.<ref name="wrightstyle"/> One of the steel guitar's foremost virtuosos, [[Buddy Emmons]], studied at the Hawaiian Conservatory of Music in [[South Bend, Indiana]], at age 11 in 1948.<ref name="rollingstonemag">{{cite magazine |last1=Betts |first1=Stephen L. |title=Steel Guitar Great Buddy Emmons Dies |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=July 30, 2015 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/steel-guitar-great-buddy-emmons-dies-20150730 |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=Wenner Media |issn=0035-791X |oclc=693532152}}</ref>

The acceptance of the sound of the steel guitar, then referred to as "[[Lap steel guitar|Hawaiian guitar]]s" or "[[lap steel]]s", spurred instrument makers to produce them in quantity and create innovations in the design to accommodate this style of playing.<ref name="Hawaiian">{{cite web |title=Early History of the Steel Guitar |url=http://steelguitaramerica.com/instruction/history/ |website=steelguitaracademy.com |publisher=Steel Guitar Academy |access-date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="weissenborn">{{cite web |author=Tom Noe |title=Herman Weissenborn |url=http://www.weissenborn.es/history-2/hermann-weissenborn/ |website=Weissenborn → History |access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Fender Champion lap steel @ 2010 TSGA Jamboree.jpg|thumb|alt= Electric lap steel guitar | An electric lap steel guitar. Note that the instrument bears only token resemblance to the traditional guitar shape.]]
In the early twentieth century, steel guitar playing branched off into two streams: lap-style, performed on an instrument specifically designed or modified to be played on the performer's lap; and bottleneck-style, performed on a traditional Spanish guitar held flat against the body.<ref name="volklap">{{cite book |last1=Volk |first1=Andy |title=Lap Steel Guitar |date=2003 |publisher=Centerstream Publications |location=Anaheim, California |isbn=1-57424-134-6 |page=9}}</ref> The bottleneck-style became associated with blues and rock music, and the horizontal style became associated with several musical genres, including Hawaiian music, country music, Western swing, honky-tonk, bluegrass and gospel.<ref name="volklap"/>{{rp|9}}