Editing Steampunk (section)

==History==
===Precursors===
[[File:Sortie de l'opéra en l'an 2000-2.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Print (c. 1902) by [[Albert Robida]] showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera]]

Steampunk is influenced by and often adopts the style of the 19th-century [[scientific romance]]s of [[Jules Verne]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[Mary Shelley]], and [[Edward S. Ellis]]'s ''[[The Steam Man of the Prairies]]''.<ref name="HSW Steampunk">{{cite web|url=https://people.howstuffworks.com/steampunk.htm#pt4|title=Famous Steampunk Works|publisher=[[HowStuffWorks]]|date=Feb 15, 2008|last=Strickland|first=Jonathan|access-date=May 18, 2008|archive-date=August 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808081951/http://people.howstuffworks.com/steampunk.htm#pt4|url-status=live}}</ref> Several more modern works of art and fiction significant to the development of the genre were produced before the genre had a name. ''[[Titus Alone]]'' (1959), by [[Mervyn Peake]], is widely regarded by scholars as the first [[novel]] in the genre proper,<ref>{{cite news|author=Oliveira, Camilla|publisher=Wall Street International – Culture Section|title=Steampunk: The Movement and the Art|date=Nov 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C-oSC5GbcoC&pg=PA753|last1=Peake|first1=Mervyn|year=2011|title=The Illustrated Gormenghast Trilogy|publisher=Vintage|location=London|isbn=978-0-09-952854-8|page=753|edition=New}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Daniel|first1=Lucy|title=Defining Moments In Books: The Greatest Books, Writers, Characters, Passages And Events That Shook The Literary World|year=2007|publisher=Cassell illustrated|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84403-605-9|page=439}}</ref> while others point to [[Michael Moorcock]]'s 1971 novel ''[[The Warlord of the Air]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spdhpod.com/spdhepisodes/2017/6/21/episode-1-islands-in-the-time-streams-1|title=Steampunk Dollhouse: Islands in the Time Streams or How a Privileged White Edwardian Man Had His Eyes Opened Rather Forcefully|date=21 June 2017|author=Bluestocking|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706051115/https://www.spdhpod.com/spdhepisodes/2017/6/21/episode-1-islands-in-the-time-streams-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/04/michael-moorcock-hari-kunzru/|title=When Hari Kunzru Met Michael Moorcock|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 February 2011|author=Kunzru, Hari|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906173653/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/04/michael-moorcock-hari-kunzru|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Bebergal>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/the_age_of_steampunk/|title=The Age of Steampunk|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=August 26, 2007|author=Bebergal, Peter|access-date=May 10, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414184624/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/the_age_of_steampunk/|archive-date=April 14, 2008}}</ref> which was heavily influenced by Peake's work. The film ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]'' (1985) was an early cinematic influence, although it can also be considered a precursor to the steampunk offshoot [[dieselpunk]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://neverwasmag.com/Gazette%20-%206.pdf|title=Beneath an Amber Moon; Brazil|first=Ella|last=Kremper|magazine=Gatehouse Gazette|issue=6|date=November 2009|pages=12–13|access-date=Jul 28, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728154039/https://neverwasmag.com/Gazette%20-%206.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Adventures of Luther Arkwright]]'' was an early (1970s) comic version of the [[Michael Moorcock|Moorcock]]-style mover between [[timestream]]s.<ref name="La Ferla">{{cite news|last=La Ferla|first=Ruth|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds|date=May 8, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/08/fashion/08PUNK.html|access-date=Nov 21, 2010|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203417/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/08/fashion/08PUNK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Braiker>{{cite magazine|author=Braiker, Brian|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|title=Steampunking Technology: A subculture hand-tools today's gadgets with Victorian style|date=October 31, 2007|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2007/10/30/steampunking-technology.html|access-date=Nov 21, 2010|archive-date=November 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114095424/http://www.newsweek.com/2007/10/30/steampunking-technology.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In fine art, [[Remedios Varo]]'s paintings combine elements of Victorian dress, fantasy, and [[technofantasy]] imagery.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Janet A.|title=Remedios Varo: Unexpected Journeys|date=2000|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7892-0627-5|edition=1st|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/remediosvarounex0000kapl}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2017}} In [[television]], one of the earliest manifestations of the steampunk ethos in the mainstream media was the [[CBS]] television series ''[[The Wild Wild West]]'' (1965–69), which inspired the [[Wild Wild West|later film]].<ref name="HSW Steampunk"/><ref name=Grossman>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1945343,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209022518/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1945343,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 9, 2009|title=Steampunk: Reclaiming Tech for the Masses|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=December 14, 2009|first=Lev|last=Grossman|author-link=Lev Grossman|access-date=Dec 10, 2009}}</ref>

===Origin of the term===
Although many works now considered seminal to the genre were published in the 1960s and 1970s, the term "steampunk" originated largely in the 1980s<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Duggan|first1=Anne|title=Folktales and Fairy Tales: Traditions and Texts from around the World, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: Traditions and Texts from around the World|last2=Haase|first2=Donald|last3=Callow|first3=Helen J.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-253-3|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=835}}</ref> as a [[tongue-in-cheek]] variant of "[[cyberpunk]]". It was coined by science fiction author [[K. W. Jeter]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/william-higham/steampunk-what-the-hell-is-it_b_1015192.html|title=What The Hell Is Steampunk?|newspaper=HuffPost UK|language=en-GB|date=Oct 17, 2011|access-date=Aug 12, 2017|archive-date=August 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812210853/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/william-higham/steampunk-what-the-hell-is-it_b_1015192.html|url-status=live}}</ref> who was trying to find a general term for works by [[Tim Powers]] (''[[The Anubis Gates]]'', 1983), [[James Blaylock]] (''[[Homunculus (novel)|Homunculus]]'', 1986), and himself (''[[Morlock Night]]'', 1979, and ''[[Infernal Devices (Jeter novel)|Infernal Devices]]'', 1987) — all of which took place in a 19th-century (usually Victorian) setting and imitated conventions of such actual Victorian speculative fiction as [[H. G. Wells]]' ''[[The Time Machine]]''. In a letter to science fiction magazine ''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'',<ref name=":0" /> printed in the April 1987 issue, Jeter wrote:

{{blockquote|Dear Locus,

Enclosed is a copy of my 1979 novel ''Morlock Night''; I'd appreciate your being so good as to route it to Faren Miller, as it's a prime piece of evidence in the great debate as to who in "the Powers/Blaylock/Jeter fantasy triumvirate" was writing in the "gonzo-historical manner" first. Though of course, I did find her review in the March Locus to be quite flattering.

Personally, I think Victorian fantasies are going to be the next big thing, as long as we can come up with a fitting collective term for Powers, Blaylock and myself. Something based on the appropriate technology of the era; like "steam-punks," perhaps....|K.W. Jeter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/327|title=Science Fiction Citations|date=March 9, 2005|author=Sheidlower, Jesse|access-date=May 10, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205025641/http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/327|archive-date=February 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://i.imgur.com/M7ema1o.png|title=Letter – essay from K. W. Jeter|magazine=Locus|publisher=Locus Publications|volume=20|issue=4|date=April 1987|last=Jeter|first=K.W.|access-date=2016-09-26|archive-date=2016-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927014545/http://i.imgur.com/M7ema1o.png|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
<!-- NOTE ON SPELLING:
'steam-punks', with single quotes and a hyphen, is how it's rendered on one cited page and in the online Oxford English Dictionary (OED Online), but rendered as "steam-punks," in what seems a reproduction of the original printed letter. Since Sheidlower is an OED editor, his two cites don't really qualify as two separate sources, but they do qualify as a reliable source. However, as I was noting on the talk page, two books quoting the letter can be found in Google Books and they show it with no hyphen, "steampunks" (and in one case with double quotes). Possibly the publishers considered this an acceptable typographical variation to conform with their house styles. The actual Locus issue would be the right source to confirm the spelling, but it doesn't seem to exist online and I haven't been able to locate it through a library either. -->

===Modern steampunk===
{{Original research section|date=November 2020}}
While Jeter's ''[[Morlock Night]]'' and ''[[Infernal Devices (K. W. Jeter novel)|Infernal Devices]]'', Powers' ''[[The Anubis Gates]]'', and Blaylock's ''[[Lord Kelvin's Machine]]'' were the first novels to which Jeter's [[neologism]] would be applied, the three authors gave the term little thought at the time.<ref name=VanderMeer>{{cite book|last1=VanderMeer|first1=Jeff|last2=Chambers|first2=S. J.|title=The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to the World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature|year=2011|publisher=Abrams Image|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8109-8958-0|url=http://steampunkbible.com/|access-date=2011-08-31|archive-date=2017-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522142855/http://steampunkbible.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|48}} They were far from the first modern science fiction writers to speculate on the development of steam-based technology or alternative histories. [[Keith Laumer]]'s ''[[Worlds of the Imperium]]'' (1962) and [[Ronald W. Clark]]'s ''[[Queen Victoria's Bomb]]'' (1967) apply modern speculation to past-age technology and society.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nevins|first1=Jess|author-link=Jess Nevins|title=Heroes & Monsters: The Unofficial Companion to the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen|date=2003|publisher=[[MonkeyBrain Books|MonkeyBrain, Inc.]]|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=978-1-932265-04-0}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2017}} [[Michael Moorcock]]'s ''[[Warlord of the Air]]'' (1971)<ref name=Bebergal/> is another early example. [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]]'s novel ''[[A Transatlantic Tunnel, Hurrah!]]'' (1973) portrays Britain in an alternative 1973, full of atomic locomotives, coal-powered flying boats, ornate submarines, and Victorian dialogue. ''[[The Adventures of Luther Arkwright]]'' (mid-1970s) was one of the first steampunk comics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Isomaa |first1=Saija |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9D5DwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Adventures+of+Luther+Arkwright+first+steampunk&pg=PA73 |title=New Perspectives on Dystopian Fiction in Literature and Other Media |last2=Korpua |first2=Jyrki |last3=Teittinen |first3=Jouni |date=2020-08-27 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-5872-4 |language=en}}</ref> In February 1980, [[Richard A. Lupoff]] and [[Steve Stiles]] published the first "chapter" of their 10-part [[comic strip]] ''The Adventures of Professor Thintwhistle and His Incredible Aether Flyer''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lupoff|first1=Richard|author-link=Richard A. Lupoff|last2=Stiles|first2=Steve|author2-link=Steve Stiles|title=The Adventures of Professor Thintwhistle and His Incredible Aether Flyer|magazine=[[Heavy Metal (magazine)|Heavy Metal]]|date=February 1980|pages=27–32 et seq}}</ref> In 2004, one anonymous author described steampunk as "Colonizing the Past so we can dream the future."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prof-calamity.livejournal.com/277.html|title=Steampunk Manifesto|website=prof-calamity.livejournal.com|language=en-us|last=Calamity|first=Prof|access-date=Aug 18, 2020|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807204010/https://prof-calamity.livejournal.com/277.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first use of the word "steampunk" in a title was in [[Paul Di Filippo]]'s 1995 ''Steampunk Trilogy'',<ref name=Bebergal/> consisting of three short novels: "Victoria", "Hottentots", and "Walt and Emily", which, respectively, imagine the replacement of [[Queen Victoria]] by a human/newt clone; an invasion of Massachusetts by [[Lovecraftian horror|Lovecraftian]] monsters, drawing its title from the historic racial taxonomy [[Hottentot (racial term)|"hottentot"]]; and a love affair between [[Walt Whitman]] and [[Emily Dickinson]].

===Japanese steampunk===
{{See also|Japanese cyberpunk}}
{{Unreliable sources |section|date=June 2024}}

Japanese steampunk consists of steampunk [[manga]] comics and [[anime]] productions from Japan.<ref name=Wired>{{cite news|last=Sterling|first=Bruce|title=Japanese steampunk|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/03/japanese-steampunk/|access-date=26 April 2020|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=22 March 2013|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124443/https://www.wired.com/2013/03/japanese-steampunk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Steampunk elements have consistently appeared in mainstream manga since the 1940s, dating back to [[Osamu Tezuka]]'s epic science-fiction trilogy consisting of ''[[Lost World (manga)|Lost World]]'' (1948), ''[[Metropolis (manga)|Metropolis]]'' (1949) and ''[[Fumoon|Nextworld]]'' (1951). The steampunk elements found in manga eventually made their way into mainstream anime productions starting in the 1970s. Influenced by 19th-century European authors such as Jules Verne, steampunk anime and manga arose from a Japanese fascination with an imaginary fantastical version of old [[Industrial Revolution|Industrial]] Europe, linked to a phenomenon called ''[[Paris syndrome|akogare no Pari]]'' ("the [[Paris]] of our dreams"), comparable to the [[Western culture|West]]'s fascination with an "exotic" [[Eastern world|East]].<ref name=Cavallaro>{{cite book|last=Cavallaro|first=Dani|year=2015|chapter=Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (Fushigi no Umi no Nadia)|title=The Art of Studio Gainax: Experimentation, Style and Innovation at the Leading Edge of Anime|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-1-4766-0070-3|pages=40–53 (40–1)|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSxzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|access-date=2020-04-26|archive-date=2023-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712001533/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSxzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most influential steampunk animator was [[Hayao Miyazaki]], who was creating steampunk anime since the 1970s, starting with the television show ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' (1978).<ref name=Cavallaro/> His manga ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'' (1982) and its [[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|1984 anime film adaptation]] also contained steampunk elements. Miyazaki's most influential steampunk production was the [[Studio Ghibli]] anime film ''[[Castle in the Sky|Laputa: Castle in the Sky]]'' (1986), which became a major milestone in the genre and has been described by ''The Steampunk Bible'' as "one of the first modern steampunk classics."<ref>{{cite book|last1=VanderMeer|first1=Jeff|last2=Chambers|first2=S. J.|title=The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to the World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature|year=2012|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-1-61312-166-5|page=184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp12RPAYgrIC&pg=PA184}}</ref> Archetypal steampunk elements in ''Laputa'' include [[airships]], [[air pirates]], steam-powered [[robots]], and a view of [[steam power]] as a limitless but potentially dangerous source of power.<ref name=Cavallaro/>

The success of ''Laputa'' inspired [[Hideaki Anno]] and [[Studio Gainax]] to create their first hit production, ''[[Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water]]'' (1990), a steampunk anime show which loosely adapts elements from Verne's ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'', with [[Captain Nemo]] making an appearance.<ref name=Cavallaro/> Based on a concept by Miyazaki, ''Nadia'' was influential on later steampunk anime such as [[Katsuhiro Otomo]]'s anime film ''[[Steamboy]]'' (2004).<ref name=Nevins2019>{{cite book|last=Nevins|first=Jess|chapter=Steampunk|editor-last1=McFarlane|editor-first1=Anna|editor-last2=Schmeink|editor-first2=Lars|editor-last3=Murphy|editor-first3=Graham|title=The Routledge Companion to Cyberpunk Culture|year=2019|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-13986-1|page=107|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfvADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107}}</ref> [[Disney]]'s animated steampunk film ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' (2001)<ref name="HSW Steampunk"/> was influenced by anime, particularly Miyazaki's works and possibly ''Nadia''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2001-05-15|title=Probing the ''Atlantis'' Mystery|work=[[Anime News Network]]|date=May 15, 2001|first=Lee|last=Zion|access-date=July 15, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629004303/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2001-05-15|archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gwern.net/docs/eva/2002-takeda-notenkimemoirs|title=The Notenki Memoirs: Studio Gainax And The Men Who Created ''Evangelion''|work=Gwern|date=March 25, 2019|first=Takeda|last=Yasuhiro|access-date=October 29, 2019|archive-date=November 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121215358/https://www.gwern.net/docs/eva/2002-takeda-notenkimemoirs|url-status=live}}</ref> Other popular Japanese steampunk works include Miyazaki's Studio Ghibli anime film ''[[Howl's Moving Castle (film)|Howl's Moving Castle]]'' (2004),<ref name=Cavallaro/> [[Sega]]'s video game and anime franchise ''[[Sakura Wars]]'' (1996) which is set in a steampunk version of [[Meiji (era)|Meiji]]/[[Taishō]] era Japan,<ref name=Cavallaro/> and [[Square Enix]]'s manga and anime franchise ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'' (2001).<ref name=Wired/>

===Relationships to retrofuturism, DIY craft and making===
[[File:Shanna-jones-photography-yatzer-truth-coffee-shop-cape-town-11 (1).jpg|thumb|Truth Coffee, a steampunk café in [[Cape Town|Cape Town, South Africa]]]]

Steampunk used to be confused with [[retrofuturism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Druce|first=Nikki|title=Making Steampunk Jewellery|publisher=The Crowood Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78500-215-1|language=en}}</ref> Indeed, both sensibilities recall "the older but still modern eras in which technological change seemed to anticipate a better world, one remembered as relatively innocent of industrial decline." For some scholars, retrofuturism is considered a strand of steampunk, one that looks at alternatives to historical imagination and usually created with the same kinds of social protagonists and written for the same type of audiences.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Whitson|first=Roger|title=Steampunk and Nineteenth-Century Digital Humanities: Literary Retrofuturisms, Media Archaeologies, Alternate Histories|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=978-1-317-50911-0|location=New York, NY|pages=14}}</ref>

One of steampunk's most significant contributions is the way in which it mixes [[digital media]] with traditional handmade art forms. As scholars Rachel Bowser and Brian Croxall put it, "the tinkering and tinker-able technologies within steampunk invite us to roll up our sleeves and get to work re-shaping our contemporary world."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bowser|first1=Rachel A.|last2=Croxall|first2=Brian|title=Industrial Evolution|journal=Neo-Victorian Studies|year=2010|volume=3 |issue=1|page=23|url=http://www.neovictorianstudies.com/past_issues/3-1%202010/NVS%203-1-1%20R-Bowser%20%26%20B-Croxall.pdf|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412021640/http://www.neovictorianstudies.com/past_issues/3-1%202010/NVS%203-1-1%20R-Bowser%20%26%20B-Croxall.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In this respect, steampunk bears much in common with [[DIY]] craft and [[Bricolage|bricolage artmaking]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Guffey|first=Elizabeth|title=Crafting Yesterday's Tomorrows: Retro-Futurism, Steampunk, and the Problem of Making in the Twenty-First Century|journal=The Journal of Modern Craft|year=2014|volume=7|issue=3|page=250|doi=10.2752/174967714X14111311182767|s2cid=191495500}}</ref>