Editing Stanley Milgram (section)

== Biography==

=== Early life, education, and family ===
Milgram was born in 1933 in [[New York City]] ([[the Bronx]])<ref name="Analyse & Kritik">{{cite journal |last=Blass |first=Thomas |year=1998 |title=The roots of Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments and their relevance to the Holocaust |journal=Analyse & Kritik |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=49 |issn=0171-5860 |oclc=66542890 |access-date=January 14, 2012 |url=http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/1998-1/AK_Blass_1998.pdf |doi=10.1515/auk-1998-0103 |s2cid=156831232 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105094821/http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/1998-1/AK_Blass_1998.pdf |archive-date=November 5, 2013 }}</ref> to [[Jewish]] parents.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHgWLPas4bYC&pg=PA15|title=The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram - Thomas Blass - Google Books|page=15|date=February 23, 2009|access-date=May 5, 2016|isbn=9780465008070|last1=Blass|first1=Thomas|publisher=Basic Books }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His parents were Adele (born Israel) and Samuel Milgram (1898–1953), who had immigrated to the United States from Romania and Hungary respectively during [[World War I]].<ref name="frostburg1">{{cite web |author=Dr. Megan E. Bradley |url=http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/stanleymilgram.html |title=Stanley Milgram |website=Faculty.frostburg.edu |date=August 15, 1933 |access-date=May 5, 2016 |archive-date=December 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202174450/http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/stanleymilgram.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="bookref1">{{cite book|last=Thomas Blass|title=Obedience to Authority: Current Perspectives on the Milgram Paradigm|publisher= Psychology Press|date=November 2000|page = 1|isbn=978-0-8058-3934-0}}</ref><ref name="Scribner">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N3URAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Adele+Israel%22 |title=The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives |first1=Kenneth T. |last1=Jackson |author-link1=Kenneth T. Jackson |first2=Karen |last2=Markoe |first3=Arnie |last3=Markoe |oclc=755235271 |isbn=978-0684804927 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York, NY, USA |date=August 1, 1998 |access-date=August 29, 2012}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6k_O_IovwcC&pg=PA270 |title=Moral Education: M-Z |page=270 |access-date=May 5, 2016|isbn=9780313346484 |last1=Clark Power |first1=F. |year=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Stanley_Milgram.aspx |title=Stanley Milgram Facts, information, pictures &#124; Encyclopedia.com articles about Stanley Milgram |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=May 5, 2016}}</ref> He was the second of three children.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200203/the-man-who-shocked-the-world |title=The Man Who Shocked The World |magazine=Psychology Today |date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=May 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name="frostburg1"/>  Milgram's immediate and extended family were both affected by [[the Holocaust]]. After the war, relatives of his who had survived [[Nazi]] [[concentration camp]]s and bore [[Tattoo#Identification|concentration camp tattoos]] stayed with the Milgram family in New York for a time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31JEAHwiZ_EC&pg=PA164 |title=American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and ... |author=Kirsten Fermaglich |page=164 |access-date=May 5, 2016|isbn=9781584655497 |year=2007 }}</ref>

His [[Bar Mitzvah]] speech in 1946 was on the subject of the plight of the [[European Jews]] and the impact that the events of [[World War II]] would have on Jewish people around the world.<ref name="frostburg1"/><ref name="uni-muenster.de">{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/content/psyifp/aeechterhoff/sommersemester2012/schluesselstudiendersozialpsychologiea/blass_historicalperspmilgram_ampsychol2009.pdf |title=From New Haven to Santa Clara : A Historical Perspective on the Milgram Obedience Experiments |author=Thomas Blass |website=Uni-muenster.de |access-date=May 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHgWLPas4bYC&q=%22stanley+milgram%22+jewish |title=The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram |author=Thomas Blass |date=February 24, 2009 |publisher=Basic Books |access-date=May 5, 2016 |isbn=9780465008070 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He said, upon becoming a man under Jewish law: "As I ... find happiness in joining the ranks of Israel, the knowledge of the tragic suffering of my fellow Jews ... makes this ... an occasion to reflect upon the heritage of my people—which now becomes mine. ... I shall try to understand my people and do my best to share the responsibilities which history has placed upon all of us."<ref name="google2"/>  He later wrote to a friend from childhood: "I should have been born into the German-speaking Jewish community of Prague in 1922 and died in a [[gas chamber]] some 20 years later. How I came to be born in the Bronx Hospital, I'll never quite understand."<ref>{{cite web |last=Tartakovsky |first=Margarita |url=http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/09/04/stanley-milgram-the-shock-heard-around-the-world/ |title=Stanley Milgram & The Shock Heard Around the World &#124; World of Psychology |website=Psychcentral.com |date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=May 5, 2016 |archive-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503015754/http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/09/04/stanley-milgram-the-shock-heard-around-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Milgram's interest in the Holocaust had its basis in what his biographer, Professor [[Thomas Blass]], referred to as Milgram's "lifelong identification with the [[Jewish people]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/content/psyifp/aeechterhoff/sommersemester2012/schluesselstudiendersozialpsychologiea/blass_historicalperspmilgram_ampsychol2009.pdf |title=From New Haven to Santa Clara : A Historical Perspective on the Milgram Obedience Experiments |author=Thomas Blass |website=Uni-muenster.de |access-date=May 5, 2016}}</ref>  Author Kirsten Fermaglich wrote that Milgram as an adult had "a personal conflict as a Jewish man who perceived himself both as an outsider, a victim of the Nazi destruction, and as an insider, as scientist."<ref name="google3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31JEAHwiZ_EC&q=%22stanley+milgram%22+jewish&pg=PA100 |title=American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and ... |author=Kirsten Fermaglich |page=100 |access-date=May 5, 2016|isbn=9781584655497 |year=2007 }}</ref>  Alexandra stated that Milgram's Jewish identity led to his focus on the Holocaust and his obedience-to-authority research.<ref name="google3"/> He shared this as well with Herbert Winer, one of his obedience study subjects, who noted after speaking to Milgram about the experiment that "Milgram was very Jewish. I was Jewish. We talked about this. There was obviously a motive behind neutral research."<ref name="google3"/>

Milgram married his wife, Alexandra, in a ceremony at the Brotherhood Synagogue in [[Greenwich Village]] in Manhattan on December 10, 1961, and they had two children, Michele and Marc.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHgWLPas4bYC&q=%22Stanley+Milgram%22+synagogue&pg=PA74 |title=The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram |author=Thomas Blass |page=74 |date=February 24, 2009 |publisher=Basic Books |access-date=May 5, 2016 |isbn=9780465008070 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the time of his death, Milgram lived in [[New Rochelle, New York]].<ref name = NYTObit/>

Milgram's father worked as a baker, providing a modest income for his family until his death in 1953 (upon which Stanley's mother took over the bakery). Milgram attended public elementary school and [[James Monroe High School (New York City)|James Monroe High School]] in the Bronx. (One of Milgram's classmates at James Monroe High School was [[Philip Zimbardo]], the architect of the [[Stanford prison experiment]]. Milgram and Zimbardo also shared an affinity for the popular television program ''[[Candid Camera]]'' and an admiration for its creator, [[Allen Funt]].<ref name="ShockMachine">{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Gina |title=Behind the Shock Machine: the untold story of the notorious Milgram psychology experiments |date=2013 |publisher=The New Press |isbn=978-1595589217 }}</ref><ref name="CandidCamera">{{cite book |last1=Milgram |first1=Stanley |title=The Individual in a Social World: Essays and Experiments |date=1977 |publisher=Addison Wesley |pages=324–332}}</ref>.)

By the time he was college age, his family had moved to nearby [[Queens]].<ref name="uni-muenster.de"/> In 1954, Milgram received his bachelor's degree in political science from [[Queens College, City University of New York|Queens College in New York]],  He also studied at [[Brooklyn College]] "Psychology of Personality" and "An Eclectic Approach to Social Psychology".<ref name="books.google.com"/> He applied to a PhD program in [[social psychology]] at [[Harvard University]], and was initially rejected due to an insufficient background in psychology (he had not taken any undergraduate courses in psychology at Queens College). He was eventually accepted to Harvard in 1954.

=== Academic career ===
In 1961, Milgram received a PhD in social psychology from Harvard. He became an assistant professor at Yale in the fall of 1960. He served as an assistant professor in the Department of Social Relations at Harvard from 1963 to 1966 on a three-year contract.  The contract was then extended for one additional year, but with the lower rank of a lecturer.<ref>{{cite web|title = Stanley Milgram|url = http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/stanleymilgram.html|website = faculty.frostburg.edu|access-date = October 23, 2015|archive-date = December 2, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171202174450/http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/stanleymilgram.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 1967 he accepted an offer to become a tenured full professor at the [[City University of New York Graduate Center]], and he taught at City University until he died in 1984.<ref name="Blass, T. 2004"/><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sdYPAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |title=OCR Psychology: AS Core Studies and Psychological Investigations |author1=Philip Banyard |author2=Cara Flanagan |page=149 |date= September 5, 2013|publisher=Psychology Press |access-date=May 5, 2016|isbn=9781135049317 }}</ref> Milgram had a number of significant influences, including psychologists [[Solomon Asch]] and [[Gordon Allport]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Cary L. Cooper |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=191535&sectioncode=30 |title=A sparky study that tests your blind obedience |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=October 1, 2004 |access-date=July 25, 2009}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Milgram died on December 20, 1984, aged 51, of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in New York City. It was his fifth heart attack.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name = NYTObit/> He left behind a widow, Alexandra "Sasha" Milgram, a daughter, Michele Sara, and a son, Marc Daniel.<ref name = NYTObit>{{cite news |first= Daniel|last= Goleman|title=Dr. Stanley Milgram, 51, Is Dead; Studied Obedience to Authority|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/22/obituaries/dr-stanley-milgram-51-is-dead-studied-obedience-to-authority.html|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 22, 1984 |access-date=August 7, 2008 }}</ref>