Editing Standard Chinese (section)

== Naming ==
===In English===
Among linguists, Standard Chinese has been referred to as ''Standard Northern Mandarin''<ref name="John Rohsenow 2004" /><ref name="Yunyun Ran 2016" /><ref name="David Bradley 2008" /> or ''Standard Beijing Mandarin''.<ref name="Jeff Siegel 2003" /><ref name="Ying-Chuan Chen2013"/> It is colloquially referred to as simply ''Mandarin'',<ref name="Weng, Jeffrey 2018 611–633" /> though this term may also refer to the [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin dialect group]] as a whole, or the late imperial [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|form used as a lingua franca]].<ref name="Robert M Sanders 1987">{{Citation |last=Sanders |first=Robert M. |title=The Four Languages of "Mandarin" |date=1987 |work=Sino-Platonic Papers |issue=4 |url=http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp004_mandarin_chinese.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307022502/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp004_mandarin_chinese.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-07}}</ref>{{sfnp|Norman|1988|p=136}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Mandarin |work=Oxford Dictionary |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/mandarin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703095204/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mandarin |archive-date=3 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Weng, Jeffrey 2018 611–633" /> "Mandarin" is a translation of ''Guanhua'' ({{zhi|s=官话|t=官話|first=t|l=bureaucrat speech}}),{{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}} which referred to the late imperial lingua franca.{{sfnp|Mair|1991|pp=11–12}} The term ''Modern Standard Mandarin'' is used to distinguish it from older forms.{{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}}{{sfnp|Coblin|2000|p=537}}

===In Chinese===
====''Guoyu'' and ''Putonghua''====
The word ''Guoyu'' ({{zhi|t=國語|s=国语|l=national language}}){{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}} was initially used during the late [[Qing dynasty]] to refer to the [[Manchu language]]. The 1655 ''[[Memoir of Qing Dynasty]], Volume: Emperor [[Nurhaci]]'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|清太祖實錄}}) says: "(In 1631) as Manchu ministers do not comprehend the Han language, each ministry shall create a new position to be filled up by [[Han people|Han]] official who can comprehend the national language."<ref>{{Citation |last=张杰 |title=清文化与满族精神 |date=2012 |editor-last=张杰 |url=http://www.xjass.cn/mzwh/content/2011-04/08/content_192291.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105000708/http://www.xjass.cn/mzwh/content/2011-04/08/content_192291.htm |archive-date=2020-11-05 |chapter=论清代满族语言文字在东北的兴废与影响 |publisher=辽宁民族出版社 |language=zh |quote=[天聪五年, 1631年] 满大臣不解汉语，故每部设启心郎一员，以通晓国语之汉员为之，职正三品，每遇议事，座在其中参预之。}}</ref> However, the sense of ''Guoyu'' as a specific language variety promoted for general use by the citizenry was originally borrowed from Japan in the early 20th century. In 1902, the Japanese Diet had formed the [[National Language Research Council]] to standardize a form of the Japanese language dubbed {{tlit|ja|kokugo}} ({{lang|ja|国語}}).{{sfnp|Tam|2020|p=76}} Reformers in the Qing bureaucracy took inspiration and borrowed the term into Chinese, and in 1909 the Qing education ministry officially proclaimed [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|imperial Mandarin]] to be the new national language.{{sfnp|Norman|1988|pp=133–134}}

The term ''Putonghua'' ({{zhi|t=普通話|s=普通话|l=common tongue}}){{sfnp|Mair|2013|p=737}} dates back to 1906 in writings by [[Zhu Wenxiong]] to differentiate the standard vernacular Mandarin from [[Literary Chinese]] and other [[varieties of Chinese]].

====Usage concerns====
Since 2000, the Chinese government has used the term "Countrywide common spoken and written language" ({{zhi|s=国家通用语言文字}}), while also making provisions for the use and protection of [[Chinese ethnic minorities|ethnic minority]] languages.<ref name="进一步贯彻实施国家通用语言文字法铸牢中华民族共同体意识">{{Cite web |title=进一步贯彻实施国家通用语言文字法铸牢中华民族共同体意识 |url=http://npc.people.com.cn/n1/2020/1116/c14576-31932918.html |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=人民日报}}</ref> The term is derived from the title of a 2000 law which defines ''Putonghua'' as the "Countrywide Common Spoken and Written Language".<ref name="进一步贯彻实施国家通用语言文字法铸牢中华民族共同体意识"/>

Use of the term ''Putonghua'' ('common tongue') deliberately avoids calling the dialect a 'national language', in order to mitigate the impression of coercing minority groups to adopt the language of the majority. Such concerns were first raised by the early Communist leader [[Qu Qiubai]] in 1931. His concern echoed within the Communist Party, which adopted the term ''Putonghua'' in 1955.<ref>{{Citation |last=Cao |first=Dehe |author-mask=Cao Dehe (曹德和) |year=2011 |publisher=Tribune of Social Sciences |issue=10 |script-title=zh:恢复"国语名"称的建议为何不被接受_──《国家通用语言文字法》学习中的探讨和思考 |language=zh}}</ref><ref>Yuan, Zhongrui. (2008) "[http://www.china-language.gov.cn/63/2008_3_10/1_63_3387_0_1205124588468.html 国语、普通话、华语] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426051531/http://www.china-language.gov.cn/63/2008_3_10/1_63_3387_0_1205124588468.html |date=26 April 2009 }} (Guoyu, Putonghua, Huayu)". ''China Language'' National Language Committee, People's Republic of China</ref> Since 1949, usage of the word ''Guoyu'' was phased out in the PRC, only surviving in established compound nouns, e.g. '[[Mandopop]]' ({{zhi|p=Guóyǔ liúxíng yīnyuè|s=国语流行音乐}}), or 'Chinese cinema' ({{zhi|p=Guóyǔ diànyǐng|s=国语电影}}).

In Taiwan, ''Guoyu'' is the colloquial term for Standard Chinese. In 2017 and 2018, the Taiwanese government introduced two laws explicitly recognizing the indigenous [[Formosan languages]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Sponsored by [[Council of Indigenous Peoples]] |title=原住民族語言發展法 |date=2017-06-14 |trans-title=Indigenous Languages Development Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |publisher=[[Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China]], the Ministry of Justice |quote=Indigenous languages are national languages. To carry out historical justice, promote the preservation and development of indigenous languages, and secure indigenous language usage and heritage, this act is enacted according to... [原住民族語言為國家語言，為實現歷史正義，促進原住民族語言之保存與發展，保障原住民族語言之使用及傳承，依...] |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123845/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0130037 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wang Baijian2018" /> and [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Sponsored by [[Hakka Affairs Council]] |title=客家基本法 |date=2018-01-31 |trans-title=Hakka Basic Act |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |publisher=[[Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China]], the Ministry of Justice |quote=Hakka language is one of the national languages, equal to the languages of other ethnic groups. The people shall be given guarantee on their right to study in Hakka language and use it in enjoying public services and partaking of the dissemination of resources. [客語為國家語言之一，與各族群語言平等。人民以客語作為學習語言、接近使用公共服務及傳播資源等權利，應予保障。] |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124007/https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0140005 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wang Baijian2018">{{Citation |last=Wang |first=Baojian |author-mask=Wang Baojian (王保鍵) |year=2018 |work=Journal of Civil Service |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=89, 92–96 |script-title=zh:客家基本法之制定與發展：兼論 2018 年修法重點 |url=https://ws.exam.gov.tw/001/Upload/15/attachment/12083/38483/882416282671.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105103333/https://ws.exam.gov.tw/001/Upload/15/attachment/12083/38483/882416282671.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> as "Languages of the nation" ({{lang|zh-Hant|國家語言}}) alongside Standard Chinese. Since then, there have been efforts to redefine ''Guoyu'' as encompassing all "languages of the nation", rather than exclusively referring to Standard Chinese.

====''Hanyu'' and ''Zhongwen''====
Among Chinese people, ''Hanyu'' ({{zhi|t=漢語|s=汉语|l=Han language}}) refers to spoken [[varieties of Chinese]]. ''Zhongwen'' ({{zhi|c=中文|l=written Chinese}}){{sfnp|Mair|1991|pp=11}} refers to written Chinese. Among foreigners, the term ''Hanyu'' is most commonly used in textbooks and Standard Chinese education, such as in the [[Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi]] (HSK) test.

====''Huayu''====
Until the mid-1960s, ''Huayu'' ({{zhi|t=華語|s=华语}}) referred to all the language varieties used among the [[Zhonghua minzu|Chinese nation]].<ref name="Xu2018">{{Citation |last=Xu |first=Weixian |pages=36–41 |year=2018 |author-mask=Xu Weixian (許維賢) |trans-title=Chinese films in Malaysia: local and overseas styles and auteur theory |script-title=zh:華語電影在後馬來西亞：土腔風格、華夷風與作者論 |publisher=Lianjing chuban |language=zh |isbn=978-957-08-5098-7}}</ref> For example, [[Cinema of Hong Kong|Cantonese]], [[Cinema of China|Mandarin]], and [[Hokkien films]] produced in Hong Kong were imported into Malaysia and collectively known as "''Huayu'' cinema" until the mid-1960s.<ref name="Xu2018" /> Gradually, the term has been re-appropriated to refer specifically to Standard Chinese. The term is mostly used in [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Kane |first=Daniel |title=The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage |pages=22–23, 93 |year=2006 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-0-8048-3853-5}}</ref>