Editing Stamford Hill (section)

==History==
[[File:Hackney Met. B Ward Map 1916.svg|thumb|right|A map showing the Stamford Hill ward of Hackney Metropolitan Borough, as it appeared in 1916.]]
Stamford Hill lies on the old [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] road of [[Ermine Street]], on the high ground where it meets the Clapton Road, which runs from [[Hackney Central|central Hackney]]. By the 18th century, the Roman road (now numbered as the A10) was subject to heavy traffic, including goods wagons pulled by six or more horses, and this caused the surface of the road to deteriorate. The local parishes appealed to Parliament in 1713 for the right to set up a [[Turnpike trust|Turnpike Trust]], to pay for repairs and maintenance. Gates were installed at [[Kingsland, London|Kingsland]] and Stamford Hill, to collect the tolls.<ref>[http://www.brickfields.org.uk/text/georgian-transport.html ''Georgian Transport''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315031251/http://www.brickfields.org.uk/text/georgian-transport.html |date=15 March 2018 }} (Brickfields Spitalfields) accessed 18 May 2009</ref>

[[John Roque|Roque's]] map of 1745 shows a handful of buildings around the Turnpike, and by 1795, the A10 was lined with the large homes and extensive grounds of wealthy financiers and merchants attracted, in part, by the elevated position.<ref name="auto">The London Encyclopaedia, Weinreb and Hibbert, 1983</ref>

Stamford Hill had a [[gibbet]] that was used to display the remains of criminals executed at [[Tyburn]] in the 1740s. In 1765, a map of the area showed the Gibbet Field south of the road from Clapton Common, behind Cedar House.<ref name=bho38>"Hackney: Newington and Stamford Hill." A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10, Hackney. Ed. T F T Baker. London: Victoria County History, 1995. 38-44. British History Online. Web. 15 December 2018. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol10/pp38-44.</ref>

The area remained essentially rural in character, and little more was built until the arrival of the railway in 1872,<ref name="auto"/> and the tram system at about the same time. Stamford Hill was the point where the tram line coming north from the City<ref>The North Metropolitan Tramways Co. inaugurated 1872, and ran from [[Moorgate]] via Kingsland and Stoke Newington Roads to Stamford Hill</ref> met the [[Hackney, London|Hackney]] tram line,<ref>The North Metropolitan from [[Bishopsgate]] ran through Mare Street, and thence to [[Upper Clapton|Clapton]], opened in 1872, and was extended to Clapton Common in 1875, reaching Stamford Hill in 1902,</ref> and so, it became a busy interchange, with a depot opening in 1873.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22693 'Hackney: Communications', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 4-10] Date accessed: 1 November 2006.</ref> Electrification commenced in 1902 and by 1924 a service was commenced between Stamford Hill and [[Camden Town]] along Amhurst Park.<ref>'Hackney: Communications', in A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10, Hackney, ed. T F T Baker (London, 1995), pp. 4-10. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol10/pp4-10 [accessed 23 December 2022].</ref>

Stamford Hill had many eminent Jewish residents, including the [[Montefiore (surname)|Montefiore family]]. [[Italy|Italian]]-born Moses Vita Montefiore (died 1789) was living there in 1763. His son Joseph (died 1804) married Rachel Mocatta, and his grandson Abraham Montefiore (died 1824) married Henrietta, whose father, the financier [[Nathan Meyer Rothschild]], lived near the modern Colberg Place from 1818 to 1835. The Montefiores' property a little further south was to be transformed by Abraham's grandson, Claude Montefiore, into Montefiore House school. With the increased development of the area, many distinguished families moved away: In 1842, there were few remaining of the wealthy Jews who had once settled in Hackney.<ref name=brithist>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22716. 'Hackney: Judaism', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 145-48]. Date accessed: 31 October 2006.</ref> The [[philanthropist]] and [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionist]] [[Samuel Morley (MP)|MP Samuel Morley]] had a residence here from about 1860. The gardening writer and [[cottage garden]]er [[Margery Fish]] was born here in 1892.<ref>ODNB entry by Catherine Horwood. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/48830 Retrieved 2 November 2012. Pay-walled.]</ref>

Until the late 20th century, East London was the focus of Jewish life in England, with settlement heavily focussed on an area in and around [[Whitechapel]], extending from [[Bishopsgate]] to [[Cable Street]].<ref>Mapping Society, The Spatial Dimensions of Social Cartography, Laura Vaughan https://ucldigitalpress.co.uk/Book/Article/67/91/5048/</ref> The area was chosen because of its cheap rents and the independent trades, [[East End of London#Weaving and mulberries|notably weaving and textiles, known colloquially as "the rag trade"]].<ref>East London Papers, Volume 6, Number 2, December 1963</ref> [[History of the Jews in England|Prosperity, integration and later severe wartime bomb damage]] saw the community disperse to other parts of East London and more widely. From the 1880's, Stamford Hill received a new influx of Jews from the core area of East End settlement<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_SDDRGVT ''Kosher in the country'], ''[[The Economist]]'' 1 June 2006 accessed 14 August 2007</ref> and, in 1915, the New Synagogue was transferred to Stamford Hill to serve this growing population. 

In 1926, the [[Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations]] was established in Stamford Hill, and this became a magnet for other strictly observant Jews, many fleeing [[Nazi]] persecution in the years before the [[Second World War]].<ref name=brithist/> Also, many Jewish families came to the area from other areas of London, refugees in their own way from bombing and post-war clearances for new housing. One of the early Hasidic leaders in Stamford Hill was the [[Shotzer Rebbe]]. The [[Hungarian revolution of 1956|Hungarian uprising]] also led to an influx of Haredi Jews fleeing hardship under [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule. Another notable Jewish resident, from 1955 until his death in 2000, was the spiritual head of the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations, Rabbi [[Chanoch Dov Padwa]].{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}