Editing St Ives, Cornwall (section)

==History==

===Early history===
[[File:John Payne memorial.jpg|thumb|left|upright|John Payne memorial, St Ives]]
The origin of St Ives is attributed in legend to the arrival of the Irish saint [[Ia of Cornwall]], in the 5th century. The parish church bears her name, and the name St Ives derives from it.<ref name=tde>{{citation |last=Lewis |first=Samuel|title=Ives, St. – Ixworth-Thorpe|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51066#s4 |work=A Topographical Dictionary of England |publisher=British History Online |pages=30–33|year=1848 |access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=A. D.|title=The Popular Dictionary of English Place-Names|publisher=Parragon Book Service Ltd and Magpie Books|year=1996|page=282}}</ref>
[[File:St Ives Cornwall.jpg|thumb|Looking over St Ives]]
[[File:Rocky landscape.JPG|thumb|Rocky landscape]]

[[The Sloop Inn]], which lies on the wharf was a fisherman's pub for many centuries and is dated to "circa 1312", making it one of the oldest inns in Cornwall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gillilan |first1=Lesley |title=Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly |date=2009 |publisher=Crimson Publishing |isbn=978-1854584243 |page=290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXujEPJReT8C&q=the+sloop+inn+1312&pg=PA290 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fodor's 1992 Affordable Great Britain |date=1992 |publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications |isbn=067902140X |page=[https://archive.org/details/fodors1992affo00fodo/page/162 162] |url=https://archive.org/details/fodors1992affo00fodo |url-access=registration |quote=the sloop inn 1312. |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> The town was the site of a particularly notable atrocity during the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]] of 1549. The English [[provost marshal]], [[Anthony Kingston]], came to St Ives and invited the [[portreeve]], John Payne, to lunch at an inn. He asked the portreeve to have the [[gallows]] erected during the course of the lunch. Afterwards the portreeve and the Provost Marshal walked down to the gallows; the Provost Marshal then ordered the portreeve to mount the gallows. The portreeve was then [[hanging|hanged]] for being a "busy rebel".<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Anthony Kingston, MP |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Sir-Anthony-Kingston-MP/6000000002195011013 |website=Geni.com |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Prayer Book Conflict timeline |url=https://www.cornwallforever.co.uk/history/prayer-book-conflict |website=Cornwall Forever |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

The seal of St Ives is ''Argent, an ivy branch overspreading the whole field Vert'', with the legend ''Sigillum Burgi St Ives in Com. Cornub. 1690''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pascoe|first=W. H.|title=A Cornish Armory|page=134|year=1979|publisher=Lodenek Press|location=Padstow, Cornwall|isbn=978-0-902899-76-6}}</ref>

During the [[3rd Spanish Armada|Spanish Armada of 1597]], two Spanish ships, a [[Barque|bark]] and a [[Pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]], had made their way to St Ives to seek shelter from the storm which had dispersed the Spanish fleet. They were captured by the English warship [[English ship Warspite (1596)|''Warspite'']] of Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] leaking from the same storm.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wallace|first1=Willard Mosher|title=Sir Walter Raleigh|date=1959|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/sirwalterraleigh00wall/page/155 155]|url=https://archive.org/details/sirwalterraleigh00wall|url-access=registration}}</ref> The information given by the prisoners was vital to learning the Armada's objectives.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Edward|author-link = Edward Edwards (librarian)|title=The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh: Letters Volume 2|date=1868|publisher=Macmillan & Company|pages=186–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRI5AQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

===Later history===
[[File:St_Ives_Harbour_Beach_(2011)_by_Walter_Scott_(1974-_).jpg|thumb|St Ives Harbour Beach (2011) by local artist Walter Scott (1974- )]]
{{anchor|Pedn Olva}}
Pedn Olva Mine, a former copper mine, at Pedn Olva Point [[adit]], operated in St Ives before 1911, when the engine house on Pedn Olva Point was demolished, now the site of the Pedn Olva Hotel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pedn Olva Mine |url=https://www.intocornwall.com/engine/azabout.asp?guide=Pedn+Olva+Mine |website=intoCornwall.com |access-date=22 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mindat-Pedn-Olva-Mine">{{cite web |title=Pedn Olva Mine (Pednolver Mine; North Wheal Providence), St Ives, Cornwall, England, UK |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-221434.html |website=[[mindat.org]] |publisher=[[Hudson Institute of Mineralogy]] |access-date=22 June 2021 |quote=An old copper mine, which probably was first worked in the 18th century, when an adit was driven westwards under St Ives town from Pedn Olva Point. In 1822-23, the driving of the adit was resumed, and a shaft and several winzes were sunk. At a distance of 95 fms from its mouth, the adit intersected with a lode that was believed to be one of the St Ives Consols lode. In 1859, the North Wheal Providence Mining Company was formed to work the property, and "Old Wheal Trenwith", the eastern section of Wheal Trenwith, was included with the sett. An engine shaft was sunk, and a cross-cut was commenced from adit level to connect with the Wheal Trenwith lode, but this was still not completed when the company ran out of money in 1861. In 1862, a limited company was formed to work the property, but this was started to wind up in 1863 and liquidated until 1873. When the working of Wheal Trenwith was resumed by St Ives Consolidated Mines, the Pedn Olva adit was explored, but no further development was carried out.  The engine house, which once stood on top of the cliff at Pedn Olva Point, was demolished in the early 20th century. Its staircase was incorporated in the Pednolva Hotel, which now occupies its site.}}</ref>

The modern seaside resort developed as a result of the arrival of the [[St Ives Bay Line|St Ives Bay branch line]] from [[St Erth]], part of the [[Great Western Railway]] in 1877.<ref>{{cite web |title=St Ives Branchline Opens |url=http://www.penwithlocalhistorygroup.co.uk/on-this-day/?id=148 |website=Penwith Local History Group |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trains to St Ives |url=https://www.thetrainline.com/stations/st-ives |website=Trainline |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> With it came a new generation of Victorian seaside holidaymakers. Much of the town was built during the latter part of the 19th century. The railway, which winds along the cliffs and bays, survived the [[Beeching cuts]] and has become a tourist attraction itself.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKie |first1=Robin |title=How Beeching got it wrong about Britain's railways |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/mar/02/beeching-wrong-about-britains-railways |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=2 March 2013}}</ref>

In 1952, the [[Royal Navy]] [[warship]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Historian recreates drama and danger of minesweeper crew's close call |url=http://www.cornwalllive.com/historian-recreates-drama-danger-minesweeper-crew-s-close/story-11452873-detail/story.html |work=This is Cornwall |date=30 November 2010}}</ref> {{HMS|Wave|J385|6}} ran aground near the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/15187.html|title=HMS 'Wave' Ashore at St Ives, 1952 –National Maritime Museum|website=collections.rmg.co.uk}}</ref> The ship was later salvaged, repaired and returned to service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/defence/veterans-attend-commemoration-of-hms-wave-rescue-1-6082303|title=Veterans attend commemoration of HMS Wave rescue|website=Portsmouth.co.uk}}</ref> A [[propeller]] believed to be from HMS ''Wave'' was washed ashore in 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2008/02/04/aboutcornwall_hmswave_feature.shtml | title=Remembering HMS Wave | publisher=[[BBC]] | location=UK | date=4 February 2008 }}</ref>

In 1999, the town was the first landfall of the [[solar eclipse of 11 August 1999]]. The [[Tate St Ives]] displayed an exhibition called ''As Dark as Light'', with art by Yuko Shiraishi, [[Garry Fabian Miller]] and local schoolchildren, to celebrate the event.<ref>{{cite web |title=Designs on the eclipse |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/399902.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | publisher=[[BBC]] | location=UK | access-date=31 March 2019 |date=29 July 1999}}</ref> A live [[BBC]] programme with the astronomer [[Patrick Moore]] was clouded out and the eclipse was missed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astroimaging.org.uk/john/reports/eclipse99.htm |title=Report on Total Solar Eclipse as seen from St Ives |last=Moore |first=John |website=Astroimaging.org.uk |date=11 August 1999|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>

===Fishing===
[[File:St. Ives, Porthminster Bay, Cornwall, ca. 1895.jpg|thumb|right|[[Photochrom]] of St Ives, 1895]]
[[File:H I Babbage - Waiting for the Tide (St Ives Fishing Fleet) - Sarjeant Gallery.jpg|thumb|St Ives Fishing Fleet]]
[[File:Christopher Wood (1901-1930) - Cornish Fishermen, The Quay, St Ives - ABDAG000003 - Aberdeen City Council (Archives, Gallery and Museums Collection).jpg|thumb|Cornish Fishermen, The Quay, St Ives by Christopher Wood, 1928]]
From medieval times fishing was important at St Ives; it was one of the most important fishing ports on the north Cornish coast. The original pier's construction date is unknown but the first reference to St Ives having a pier was in 1478 in [[William Worcester|William Worcester's]] 'Itinerary'.<ref name="BSI59">{{cite book |last1=Noall |first1=Cyril |title=The Book of St Ives |year=1977 |publisher=Barracuda Books Limited |isbn=0860230376 |page=59}}</ref> The pier was re-built by [[John Smeaton]] between 1766 and 1770 after falling into disrepair.<ref name="BSI59" /> It was lengthened at a later date.<ref name="Into">{{cite web |title=History of St Ives |url=https://www.intocornwall.com/engine/azabout_history.asp?guide=St+Ives |website=Into Cornwall |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> The octagonal lookout with a cupola belongs to Smeaton's design.<ref>Pevsner, N.(1970) ''Cornwall''; 2nd ed. Penguin; p. 181</ref>

[[A. K. Hamilton Jenkin]] describes how the St Ives fisherman strictly observed Sunday as a day of rest.<ref>[[A. K. Hamilton Jenkin]] (1932) ''Cornish Seafarers''; chapter on fishing</ref> St Ives was a very busy fishing port and [[Seine fishing|seining]] was the usual method of fishing. Seining was carried out by a set of three boats of different sizes, the largest two carrying seine nets of different sizes. The total number of crew was seventeen or eighteen. However this came to an end in 1924. In the decade 1747–1756 the total number of pilchards dispatched from the four principal Cornish ports of [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]], [[Fowey]], [[Penzance]], and St Ives averaged 30,000 [[hogshead]]s annually (making a total of 900 million fish). Much greater catches were achieved in 1790 and 1796. In 1847 the exports of pilchards from Cornwall amounted to 40,883 hogsheads or 122 million fish while the greatest number ever taken in one seine was 5,600 hogsheads at St Ives in 1868.<ref>''Victoria History of Cornwall'', vol. I, p. 584</ref> The bulk of the catch was exported to Italy: for example, in 1830, 6,400 hogsheads were sent to Mediterranean ports. From 1829 to 1838, the yearly average for this trade was 9,000 hogsheads.<ref>Jenkin (1932) ''Cornish Seafarers''; chapter on fishing</ref>

While commercial fishing is much reduced, the harbour is still in use, often for recreational boating, tourist fishing and day trips to the nearby seal colonies on the Carrack Rocks and other locations along the coast. Recently, a class of Victorian fishing boat unique to St Ives, known as a "jumbo," has been replicated by boatbuilder Jonny Nance to celebrate the town's maritime heritage. Today's jumbos are operated by the St Ives Jumbo Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stivesjumbo.com |title=St Ives Jumbo Association – Home |website=Stivesjumbo.com |date=12 June 2010 |access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref>

===Lifeboat===
{{Main|St Ives Lifeboat Station}}
[[File:St Ives Lifeboat Station viewed across the harbour.jpg|thumb|Lifeboat station in the harbour]]
The first [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]] was stationed in the town in 1840.<ref name="RNLI" /> In 1867 the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] (RNLI) built a boathouse at Porthgwidden beach. It proved to be a difficult site to launch from, and in 1867 it was replaced by a building in Fore Street. In 1911 a new boathouse was built on the Quay, and then in 1993 a larger station was built at the landward end of the West Pier.<ref>{{cite book |last= Leach |first= Nicholas |title= Cornwall's Lifeboat Heritage |orig-year= 2000 |year= 2006 |publisher= Twelveheads Press |location= Chacewater |isbn= 978-0-906294-43-7 |page= 45 }}</ref> Since its inception in 1839, thirty eight [[Awards of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution#Medal of the RNLI|RNLI medals]] have been awarded to rescuers from St Ives, 18 silver medals and 20 bronze.<ref name="RNLI" />

Seven crewmen died in the St Ives lifeboat tragedy of 1939.<ref name="RNLI">{{cite web |title=St Ives: station history |url=https://rnli.org/find-my-nearest/lifeboat-stations/st-ives-lifeboat-station/station-history-st-ives |website=RNLI |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> In the early hours of 23 January 1939 there was a [[Beaufort scale|Force 10]] storm blowing with gusts up to {{Convert|100|mph|km/h}}. The lifeboat ''John and Sara Eliza Stych'' was launched at 3 o'clock to search for a ship reported in trouble off [[Cape Cornwall]]. It rounded the Island where it met the full force of the storm as it headed westwards. It capsized three times and drifted across St Ives Bay when its propeller was fouled. The first time it turned over four men were lost; the second time one more; the third time left only one man alive.<ref name="RNLI" /> He scrambled ashore when the boat was wrecked on rocks near [[Godrevy]] Point.<ref name=Bray>{{cite book |last= Bray |first= Lena |author2=Bray, Donald |title= St Ives Heritage |edition= 2nd |orig-year= 1981 |year= 1992 |publisher= Landfall Publications |location= Devoran |isbn= 978-1-873443-06-4 |pages= 24–27 }}</ref>

===Sharks===
On 28 July 2007 there was a suspected sighting of a [[great white shark]]. The chairman of the Shark Trust said that "it was impossible to make a conclusive identification and that it could have also been either a [[Shortfin mako shark|Mako]] or a [[Porbeagle]] shark". Coastguards dismissed the claims as "scaremongering".<ref>{{cite news | title = Great White sighting 'possible' | work=[[BBC News]] | publisher=[[BBC]] | location=UK  | date = 28 July 2007 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6920345.stm | access-date = 30 August 2009}}</ref> On 14 June 2011 there was a suspected sighting of an [[oceanic whitetip shark]]; the Shark Trust said that the chances of the species being in British waters were "very small".<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-13759504 | work=[[BBC News]] | publisher=[[BBC]] | location=UK  | title=St Ives harbourmaster told of two 'shark sightings' | date=14 June 2011}}</ref> On 18 July 2017 a suspected blue shark was spotted close to the harbour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cornwalllive.com/shock-as-shark-spotted-close-to-st-ives-harbour/story-30446172-detail/story.html|last=Gainey|first=Tom|title=Shock as shark spotted close to St Ives harbour|work=This is Cornwall|date=18 July 2017|access-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> On 16 July 2018, another blue shark was spotted in the harbour, prompting the Shark Trust to ask people to "give it plenty of space".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cornwalllive.com/news/cornwall-news/blue-shark-spotted-st-ives-1791151|title=People warned to stay out of the water after blue shark is spotted|first=Keith|last=Rossiter|date=16 July 2018|website=cornwalllive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2635027/watch-shark-swims-into-harbour-at-st-ives/|title=Watch a rare shark swimming in St Ives harbour|date=17 July 2018|website=Pirate FM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808020522/https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2635027/watch-shark-swims-into-harbour-at-st-ives/|archive-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>