Editing Spree killer (section)

== Definition == 

The general definition of spree murder is two or more murders committed by a person (or people) with no cooling-off period, in contrast to [[serial killer|serial murder]], where there is a period of time between killings.<ref name=Morton/> The U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) has found the category to be of no real value to law enforcement because quantifying a "cooling-off period" is arbitrary. Serial killers commit murders in separate events, at different times. [[Mass murder]]ers are defined by one incident, with no distinctive period between the murders.<ref name=Morton>{{cite web |editor-last1=Morton |editor-first1=Robert J. |editor-last2=Hilts |editor-first2=Mark A. |date=2008 |title=Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators |url= https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publications-serial-murder-serial-murder-july-2008-pdf |publisher=[[National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime]], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |page=9 |access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref>

How to distinguish a spree killer from a mass murderer, or a serial killer, is subject to considerable debate, and the terms are not consistently applied even within the academic literature.

The [[United States Bureau of Justice Statistics]] has defined a spree killing as "killings at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders".<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Zawitz |editor-first=Marianne W. |date=1988 |title=Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice |url= https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/rncjse.pdf |edition=2nd |publisher=Bureau of Justice Statistics |page=4 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807135046/https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/rncjse.pdf |archive-date=August 7, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Charalambous |first1=Nick |first2=Meryl |last2=Dillman |url= http://www.andersonindependentmail.com/news/2006/dec/17/no-evidence-spree-killer-yet-police-say |title=No evidence of spree killer yet, police say |work=[[The Anderson Independent-Mail]] |location=[[Anderson, South Carolina]] |date=December 17, 2006 |access-date=July 8, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081230173647/http://www.andersonindependentmail.com/news/2006/dec/17/no-evidence-spree-killer-yet-police-say/ |archive-date=December 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The ''Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment'' lists five different categories of spree killers and cites [[1999 Atlanta day trading firm shootings|Mark O. Barton]] as an example of the second one.<ref>Levinson, David (ed.): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3kU3xJ2qWQC&pg=PA1565 Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Vol. 4]''; Berkshire Publishing Group, 2002. p. 1565</ref> He is also noted alongside mass murderers, such as [[Edmond post office shooting|Patrick Sherrill]], in the respective entry about mass murder.<ref>Levinson, p. 1038.</ref> In ''The Anatomy of Motive'', [[John E. Douglas]] cites [[Charles Starkweather]] and [[Andrew Cunanan]] (who murdered five people over three months) as examples of spree killers,<ref>Douglas, John E. & Olshaker, Mark: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewAoOHQQzcC The Anatomy of Motive]''; Simon and Schuster, 1999.</ref> while [[Jack Levin (sociologist)|Jack Levin]] calls Starkweather a mass murderer and Cunanan a serial killer.<ref>Levin, Jack & Fox, James Alan: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8RUWlhrO8C ''Mass Murder: America's Growing Menace''], [[Berkley Books]], 1991.</ref><ref>Levin, Jack: [https://archive.org/details/serialkillerssad00levi ''Serial Killers and Sadistic Murderers''], Prometheus Books, 2008. p. 49.</ref>

In ''Controversial Issues in Criminology'', Fuller and Hickey write that "[t]he element of time involved between murderous acts is primary in the differentiation of serial, mass, and spree murderers", later elaborating those spree killers "will engage in the killing acts for days or weeks" while the "methods of murder and types of victims vary". [[Andrew Cunanan]] is given as an example of spree killing, while [[Charles Whitman]] is mentioned in connection with mass murder and [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] with serial killing.<ref>Fuller, John R. & Hickey, Eric W.: [https://books.google.com/books?id=EnxHAAAAMAAJ ''Controversial Issues in Criminology'']; Allyn and Bacon, 1999. pp. 36.</ref>

In ''Serial Murder,'' Ronald M. Holmes and Stephen{{nbsp}}T. Holmes defines spree murder as "the killing of three or more people within a 30-day period" and add that killing sprees are "usually accompanied by the commission of another felony."<ref>Holmes, R. M, & Holmes, S. T.: [https://books.google.com/books/about/Serial_Murder.html?id=ol24tui7vo8C ''Serial Murder'']; SAGE Publications, 2010. pp. 35.</ref> They cite [[Charles Starkweather]] and the [[Beltway sniper attacks|Beltway Snipers]] as examples of spree killers.<ref>Holmes, R. M, & Holmes, S. T.: [https://books.google.com/books/about/Serial_Murder.html?id=ol24tui7vo8C ''Serial Murder'']; SAGE Publications, 2010. pp. 36.</ref> They define ''serial'' murder as "the killing of three or more people over a period of more than 30 days, with a significant cooling-off period between the killings."<ref>Holmes, R. M, & Holmes, S. T.: [https://books.google.com/books/about/Serial_Murder.html?id=ol24tui7vo8C ''Serial Murder'']; SAGE Publications, 2010. pp. 6.</ref>  Under this definition, Andrew Cunanan would be categorized as a serial killer and not a spree killer.

In ''Sexual Homicide'', Ressler, Burgess and Douglas gave more emphasis to killings being at more than one location, and less precision about the time span, saying that a single event can last a short or long time, citing [[Christopher Wilder]]'s seven-week "murder event" or "killing spree".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ressler |first1=Robert K. |last2=Burgess |first2=Ann W. |last3=Douglas |first3=John E. |date=1988 |title=Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives |publisher=Free Press |isbn= |page=}}</ref>

Douglas wrote that the identity of serial killers is generally unknown until they are caught, and a mass murderer's identity is learned only after they have committed the crime. The identity of the spree killer, on the other hand, usually becomes known by police while the spree is still in progress.<ref>Douglas, p. 192.</ref>{{why|date=March 2021}}

The term '''''rampage killer''''' has also been used sometimes to describe spree killers,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/PAGE-ONE-MOTIVE-MYSTERY-Debate-Over-What-2817104.php |title=Motive Mystery / Debate Over What Kind of Killer is at Work |first=Susan |last=Sward |date=July 18, 1997|website=SFGATE}}</ref>
especially when a single individual perpetrator:
{{blockquote|A rampage involves the (attempted) killing of multiple persons at least partly in public space by a single physically present perpetrator using (potentially) deadly weapons in a single event without any cooling-off period.<ref>Seeger, Thorsten (ed.) ''School Shootings: International Research, Case Studies, and Concepts for Prevention''; Springer, 2012.</ref>}}