Editing Sprachbund (section)

==History==
In a 1904 paper, [[Jan Baudouin de Courtenay]] emphasised the need to distinguish between language similarities arising from a genetic relationship (''rodstvo'') and those arising from [[language convergence|convergence]] due to language contact (''srodstvo'').<ref>{{citation
| first = Jan Baudouin | last = de Courtenay
| chapter = Jazykoznanie | trans-chapter = Linguistics
| title = Enciklopedičeskij slovarʹ | volume = 31 | year = 1904
| editor1-first = F.A. | editor1-last = Brokhaus
| editor2-first = I.A. | editor2-last = Efron
| postscript = .}}</ref><ref name="Chirikba">{{citation
| contribution = The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund
| first = Viacheslav A. | last = Chirikba
| title = From linguistic areas to areal linguistics
| editor-first = Pieter | editor-last = Muysken
| pages = 25–94
| location = Amsterdam–Philadelphia | publisher = John Benjamins | year = 2008
| isbn = 978-90-272-3100-0 | postscript = .}}</ref>

[[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]] introduced the Russian term {{lang|ru|языковой союз}} ({{tlit|ru|yazykovoy soyuz}} 'language union') in a 1923 article.<ref>{{citation
| first = Nikolai S. | last = Trubetzkoy
| title = Vavilonskaja bašnja i smešenie jazykov
| trans-title = The tower of Babel and the confusion of languages
| journal = Evrazijskij Vremennik | volume = 3 | year = 1923 | pages = 107–124
| postscript = .}}</ref>
In a paper presented to the first [[International Congress of Linguists]] in 1928, he used a German [[calque]] of this term, ''Sprachbund'', defining it as a group of languages with similarities in [[syntax]], morphological structure, cultural vocabulary and sound systems, but without systematic sound correspondences, shared basic morphology or shared basic vocabulary.<ref>{{citation
| first = Nikolai S. | last = Trubetzkoy
| contribution = Proposition 16. Über den Sprachbund
| title = Actes du premier congrès international des linguistes à la Haye, du 10–15 avril 1928
| location = Leiden | publisher = A. W. Sijthoff | year = 1930 | pages = 17–18
| postscript = .}}</ref><ref name="Chirikba"/>

Later workers, starting with Trubetzkoy's colleague [[Roman Jakobson]],<ref>{{citation
| first = Roman | surname = Jakobson
| title = Über die phonologischen Sprachbünde
| journal = Travaux du cercle linguistique de Prague | volume = 4 | year = 1931 | pages = 234–240
| postscript = ;}}
reprinted in ''R. Jakobson: Selected writings'', vol. 1: ''Phonological Studies''. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter, 1971, pp. 137–148.</ref><ref>{{citation
| first = Roman | surname = Jakobson
| chapter = Sur la théorie des affinités phonologiques entre les langues
| title = Actes du quatrième congrès international de linguistes tenu à Copenhague du 27 aout au 1er septembre, 1936
| location = New York | publisher = Kraus Reprints | year = 1938 | pages = 351–365
| postscript = .}}</ref>
have relaxed the requirement of similarities in all four of the areas stipulated by Trubetzkoy.<ref name="Tuite">{{citation
| doi = 10.1016/S0024-3841(98)00037-0
| title = The myth of the Caucasian Sprachbund: The case of ergativity
| first = Kevin | last = Tuite
| journal = Lingua | volume = 108 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–29
| year = 1999
| url = http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/tuitekj/publications/TuiteSprachbund.pdf
| postscript = .}}</ref><ref name="Thomason (2000)">{{citation | first = Sarah | last = Thomason | chapter = Linguistic areas and language history | chapter-url = http://www-personal.umich.edu/~thomason/papers/areas.pdf | editor1-first = Dicky | editor1-last = Gilbers | editor2-first = John | editor2-last = Nerbonne | editor3-first = Jos | editor3-last = Schaeken | title = Languages in Contact | location = Amsterdam | publisher = Rodopi | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-90-420-1322-3 | pages = 311–327 | postscript = . }}</ref><ref>{{citation
| contribution = Areal Linguistics: a Closer Scrutiny
| first = Lyle
| last = Campbell
| title = 5th NWCL International Conference: Linguistic Areas, Convergence, and Language Change
| year = 2002
| url = http://www.linguistics.utah.edu/Faculty/oldFacultyPages/campbell/CampbellArealLingEnc.doc
| postscript = .
| access-date = 2010-09-25
| archive-date = 2012-03-13
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313032531/http://www.linguistics.utah.edu/Faculty/oldFacultyPages/campbell/CampbellArealLingEnc.doc
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

A rigorous set of principles for what evidence is valid for establishing a linguistic area has been presented by Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark.<ref>Campbell, Lyle, Terrence Kaufman, and Thomas C. Smith-Stark. "Meso-America as a linguistic area." ''Language'' (1986): 530-570.</ref>