Editing Spoke (section)

==History==
The spoked [[wheel]] was invented to allow the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles. The  earliest physical evidence for spoked wheels was found in the [[Sintashta culture]], dating to {{circa}} 2000 BCE.<ref>Lindner, Stephan, (2020). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C4FDF8C5E7D1D20A28BEB7F6C50A9AF4/S0003598X2000037Xa.pdf/chariots_in_the_eurasian_steppe_a_bayesian_approach_to_the_emergence_of_horsedrawn_transport_in_the_early_second_millennium_bc.pdf "Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the earlysecond millennium BC"], in Antiquity, Vol 94, Issue 374, April 2020, p. 367: "...The 12 calibrated radiocarbon dates belonging to the Sintashta horizon range between 2050 and 1760 cal BC (at 95.4% confidence; Epimakhov & Krause 2013: 137). These dates correlate well with the seven AMS-sampled Sintashta graves in the associated KA-5cemetery, which date to 2040–1730 cal BC (95.4% confidence...)".</ref> Soon after this, horse cultures of the [[Caucasus]] region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war [[chariots]] for the greater part of three centuries. They moved deep into the [[Greek peninsula]], where they joined with the existing Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to [[classical Greece]] after the breaking of [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical [[Sparta]] and [[Athens]]. 

The levantine [[Hyksos]] are credited with introducing the spoked wheel, [[Chariotry in ancient Egypt|chariot]], horse, and bronze weapons to Africa, during their conquest of [[Lower Egypt]], and later establishment of the [[Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt]], from 1650 to 1550 BC.<ref name="Shaw 481">{{cite book |editor-last=Shaw |editor-first=Ian |title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-815034-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/481 481] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/481 }}</ref><ref name="EAE110">{{cite book |last1=Bunson |first1=Margaret |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt |date=2014 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0997-8 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA110 |language=en}}</ref>

Neo-[[Chalcolithic]]/proto-historic period (1800-1200 BCE){{refn|group=note|Neumayer 1800-1200 BCE;<ref name="Neumayer_Chariots_slideshow">{{cite web | title=Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of Indian | last=Neumayer| first=Erwin | url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/WHEELS%20in%20Indian%20Rock%20Art%20Erwin%20Neumayer.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Harappan_Neumayer">harappa.com, [https://www.harappa.com/content/chariots-chalcolithic-rock-art-india Chariots in the Chalcolithic Rock Art of India]</ref> Celeste Paxton 2300-1000 BCE).<ref name="Paxton">Celeste Paxton (2016), in [https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2016/07/22/voices-past-researcher-mystery-40-centuries/ Voices from the past: Researcher explores a mystery across 40 centuries ].</ref> See Bradshaw Foundation, [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/india/pachmarhi/index.php The Prehistoric Paintings of the Pachmarhi Hills], for proto-historic/chalocolithic.}} paintings in various regions of India such as Chibbar Nulla, Chhatur Bhoj Nath Nulla, Kathotia, etc. depict the usage of chariots with spoked wheels.<ref>{{cite book |title=Prehistoric Rock Art of India |first1=Erwin |last1=Neumayer |date=28 March 2013 |isbn=978-0198060987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neumayer |first=Erwin |title=The Chariot in Indian Rock Art |url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/WHEELS%20in%20Indian%20Rock%20Art%20Erwin%20Neumayer.pdf |website=Harrapa.com}}</ref> 

[[Celt]]ic chariots introduced an [[iron]] rim around the wheel in the 1st millennium BCE. The spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when [[Wire wheel|wire wheels]] and rubber [[tire]]s were invented.<ref name="Herlihy">{{cite book
  | last = Herlihy
  | first = David
  | title = Bicycle: the History
  | publisher = Yale University Press
  | year = 2004
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/bicyclehistory0000herl/page/141 141]
  | url = https://archive.org/details/bicyclehistory0000herl/page/141
  | isbn = 0-300-10418-9
  | access-date = 2009-09-29
  }}</ref>