Editing South Bend, Indiana (section)

==History==

===Early history===
The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans. One of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the [[Miami tribe]]. Later, the [[Potawatomi]] moved into the region, utilizing the rich food and natural resources found along the river. The Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the [[Kankakee River]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://historymuseumsb.org/early-st-joseph-county-history/ |title =Early St. Joseph County History |publisher = The History Museum |access-date = December 17, 2015}}</ref> This route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://historymuseumsb.org/research-history/local-history/ |title =Local History |publisher =The History Museum|access-date = December 17, 2015}}</ref> The French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the first white European to set foot in what is now South Bend,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-Midwest/South-Bend-History.html |title = South Bend: History – French Exploration Establishes South Bend |publisher = City-data.com |access-date = December 17, 2015}}</ref> used this portage between the St. Joseph River and the Kankakee River in December 1679.

===First settlements===
The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area. In 1820, [[Pierre Frieschutz Navarre]] arrived, representing the [[American Fur Company]] (AFC) of [[John Jacob Astor]]. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend.<ref name=Crossroads>{{cite book |title = South Bend: Crossroads of Commerce |chapter = At The Bend In The River |last = Palmer|first=John |year = 2003 |publisher = Arcadia Publishing |isbn = 0-7385-2414-X }}</ref> [[Alexis Coquillard]], another agent of the AFC,<ref name=Crossroads /><ref name=StHistory>{{cite book |title = History of St. Joseph County, Indiana |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/historyofstjosep01howa |chapter = Chapter XI The City of South Bend |last=Howard|first=Timothy E. |year = 1907 |publisher = The Lewis Publishing Company }}</ref> established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://historymuseumsb.org/the-first-settlers/ |title =The First Settlers |publisher = The History Museum |date = May 24, 1904 |access-date = December 17, 2015 }}</ref> In 1827, [[Lathrop Minor Taylor]] established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Joseph's, Indiana was used.<ref name=StHistory /> By 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office. Taylor was appointed [[postmaster]], and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana.<ref name=Crossroads /> The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, as several other communities were named Southold at the time.

In 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of [[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph County]] with 128 residents.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://historymuseumsb.org/early-south-bend/ |title =Early South Bend |publisher = The History Museum |access-date = December 17, 2015 }}</ref> That same year, [[Horatio Chapin]] moved to the settlement, opened the first general store with imported (out of state) goods and helped established the first church and Sunday school.<ref name = Crossroads /> Around the same time, design began on what would become the town of South Bend. The town was formally established in 1835, with Chapin as the first president of the board of town trustees.<ref>J. Palmer, South Bend: Crossroads of Commerce (Charleston, SC, 2003), p. 56</ref> In 1856, attorney Andrew Anderson, Chapin's son-in-law, founded May Oberfell Lorber, the oldest continuous business in St. Joseph County.<ref>[http://www.maylorber.com/ May Oberfell Lorber] Official website</ref> He compiled a complete index of South Bend's real estate records.<ref>{{cite web |title = May, Oberfell & Lorfer |publisher = [[Indiana Historical Society]] |url = http://www.indianahistory.org/our-services/books-publications/hbr/may-oberfell-lorber.pdf |access-date = October 12, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120913122220/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-services/books-publications/hbr/may-oberfell-lorber.pdf |archive-date = September 13, 2012 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[File:Alexis-Coquillard.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alexis Coquillard]]]]

In 1841, [[Schuyler Colfax]] was appointed St. Joseph County deputy auditor. Colfax purchased the ''South Bend Free Press'' and then turned it into a pro-[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] newspaper, the ''St. Joseph Valley Register''. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1850, at which he opposed the barring of African American migration to Indiana. He joined the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], like many Whigs of his day, and was elected to Congress in 1855, becoming Speaker of the House in 1863 during the administration of [[Abraham Lincoln]]. In 1868, he was elected vice president under [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. Colfax returned to South Bend after his stint in Washington and is buried in City Cemetery, west of downtown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=c000626 |title=COLFAX, Schuyler – Biographical Information |publisher=Bioguide.congress.gov |access-date=December 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Early business===
During the late 1830s through the 1850s, much of South Bend's development centered on the industrial complex of factories located on the two [[Mill race|races]] (man-made canals along the [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]] in South Bend). Several dams were created and factories were built on each side of the river. On October 4, 1851, the first steam [[locomotive]] entered South Bend.<ref name=Crossroads /> This shifted commerce from the river to the [[railroad]]. In 1852, Henry Studebaker set up [[Studebaker]] wagon shop, later becoming the world's largest wagon builder and the only one to later succeed as an automobile manufacturer. The [[Singer Corporation|Singer Sewing Company]] and the [[Oliver Corporation|Oliver Chilled Plow Company]] were among other companies that made manufacturing the driving force in the South Bend economy until the mid-20th century.<ref name=Crossroads /> Another important economic act was the dredging of the [[Kankakee River]] in 1884 to create farmland.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thekankakeeriver.com/kankakeeDredging.html |title = Dredging Of The River |publisher = Thekankakeeriver.com |access-date = December 17, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113204314/http://www.thekankakeeriver.com/kankakeeDredging.html |archive-date = January 13, 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> During this time period there was a great immigration of Europeans, such as Polish, Hungarian, Irish, German, Italian, and Swedish people to South Bend because of available employment in area factories.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Indiana_Emigration_and_Immigration |title = Indiana Emigration and Immigration &#124; Learn |publisher = FamilySearch.org |date = December 11, 2015 |access-date = December 17, 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:South-Bend-1866.gif|thumb|left|South Bend in 1866]]
South Bend benefited from its location on the [[Michigan Road]], the main north–south artery of [[northern Indiana]] in the 19th century.<ref name = Crossroads /> Another significant development occurred near South Bend in 1842, when Father [[Edward Sorin]] founded the [[University of Notre Dame]] just north of the town.<ref name="ND">"[http://nd.edu/aboutnd/ About Notre Dame The University of Notre Dame]" Official website. Retrieved on November 13, 2007.</ref> It became a major factor in the area's economy and culture.<ref name="NDEcon">Bay Area Economics."[http://impact.nd.edu/PDF/UND_economic_impact_report_2002.pdf Notre Dame and The Local Economy:2002]." Retrieved on August 31, 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029191537/http://impact.nd.edu/PDF/UND_economic_impact_report_2002.pdf |date=October 29, 2008 }}</ref>

===Establishment and early history===
South Bend was incorporated as a city on May 22, 1865, and its first elections were held on June 5, 1865, with William G. George elected as its first mayor<ref name="StHistory" /> The official city motto, "Peace", refers to the fact that incorporation came in the month following the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] surrender that effectively ended the [[American Civil War]].

Industrial growth was rapid after the Civil War, most notably with the [[Studebaker]] wagon factory, and the [[Oliver Farm Equipment Company|Oliver plow company]]. Good jobs and high wages attracted immigrants from Europe, especially Germans, Irish, and Poles. The majority were Catholic, and they achieved higher rates of social mobility than the same ethnic groups in the Northeast.<ref>Dean R, Esslinger, ''Immigrants and the city: Ethnicity and mobility in a nineteenth century Midwestern community'' (Kennikat Press, 1975).</ref>

Olivet African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church was founded in South Bend in March 1870, making it the first African American church in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title = A LOOK BACK: Blacks shape South Bend |url = http://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/a-look-back-blacks-shape-south-bend/article_aa39d4e2-2fb7-5574-8d80-8023b145b2e7.html |website = South Bend Tribune |access-date = December 16, 2015 }}</ref> Olivet AME is still an active African Methodist Episcopal Church, and celebrated its 145th anniversary in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title = South Bend 150 history timeline |url = http://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/south-bend-history-timeline/article_892b9131-779f-5506-8320-e472ba262a49.html |website = South Bend Tribune |access-date = December 16, 2015 }}</ref>

A sergeant from South Bend fired the first American shells against Germany in World War I.<ref>{{Cite journal |title = Indiana Sergeant Fired First Shot |date = October 31, 1917 |journal = New York Times }}</ref>

====History with Ku Klux Klan====
In 1923, the African American owner of a soda fountain received a letter signed "KKK", threatening to kill an African American man held in the city's jail and harm the rest of the city's African American population. Within a few days, over a thousand African Americans fled the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |title = Negroes Leave South Bend in Fear of Klan |date = September 12, 1923 |journal = Chicago Daily Tribune }}</ref>

In 1924, the [[Ku Klux Klan]] held a conference and planned a parade from its local headquarters at 230 S. Michigan St. In preparation, Klan members were posted around town to direct traffic. Students from the nearby [[University of Notre Dame]], aware of the anti-Catholic nature of the Klan, vigorously protested this intrusion, and before noon all of the Klansmen traffic directors had been "unmasked and unrobed." Notre Dame students continued the fight, with several hundred gathering outside of the Klan headquarters, throwing rocks and smashing windows in protest. Local police as well as Notre Dame officials eventually managed to convince them to return to campus.<ref>{{Cite journal |title = Indiana News |last = Smith |first = Alvin |date = May 24, 1924 |journal = Chicago Defender }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title = South Bend Bars Klan Parade After Disorder: Lodge Headquarters are Stormed |date = May 18, 1924 |journal = Chicago Daily Tribune }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title = Klan and Foes Fight in Indiana |date = May 20, 1924 |journal = Chicago Daily Tribune }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dame |first=Marketing Communications: Web {{!}} University of Notre |title=A Clash Over Catholicism |url=https://www.nd.edu/stories/a-clash-over-catholicism/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=A Clash Over Catholicism |language=en}}</ref> Notre Dame football coach and athletic director [[Knute Rockne]] became involved in the struggle to calm down the students.<ref>{{Cite journal |title = N.D. Students Pledge to Leave Klansmen Alone |date = May 21, 1924 |journal = Chicago Daily Tribune }}</ref>

===Later business===
Other companies in the manufacturing industry developed in South Bend in the early 20th century, including Birdsell Manufacturing Company, the [[Bendix Corporation]], [[Honeywell]], [[AlliedSignal]], [[South Bend Lathe Works]], the O'Brien Paint Corp., the South Bend Toy Company, South Bend Range, South Bend Bait Company, and [[South Bend Watch Company]]. Workers at the [[Bendix Corporation]] staged the first sit-in strike in American history in 1936.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0TkupxD2njcC&q=Bendix+strike&pg=PA128 |title = Sit-down: the General Motors Strike of 1936–1937 – Sidney Fine – Google Books |access-date = December 17, 2015 |isbn = 0-472-32948-0 |last1 = Fine |first1 = Sidney |year = 1969 |publisher = University of Michigan Press }}</ref> Fast development led to the creation of [[Railway electrification system|electric rail]] transportation throughout the area, and in 1925, the [[South Shore Line (NICTD)|South Shore]] [[interurban]] streetcar service was established from downtown South Bend to downtown Chicago.<ref name="rail">Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District "[http://www.nictd.com/links/ourhistory.htm Our History]." Retrieved on January 2, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323102020/http://www.nictd.com/links/ourhistory.htm |date=March 23, 2008 }}</ref> The South Shore line still runs daily to and from Chicago and also is a major freight carrier in the area.

On June 30, 1934, the Merchants National Bank in South Bend was the last bank to be robbed by the [[John Dillinger|Dillinger]] gang.<ref>{{cite web |last = Fosmoe |first = Margaret |url = http://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/history/sb150/crimes-trials-in-south-bend-s-history/article_16405d4a-f98b-11e4-83ce-13a4d9501a19.html |title = 9 crimes, trials in South Bend's history – South Bend Tribune: South Bend 150 |publisher = South Bend Tribune |date = May 20, 2015 |access-date = December 17, 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:South Bend, World Famed.jpg|thumb|upright|This 1922 pamphlet demonstrates the visions of progress and global importance in the peak period of industrialization in South Bend.]]

===Recent history===
On September 29, 1929, South Bend completed its "track elevation program".<ref name=trackelevration>{{cite web |last1=Titus |first1=Jacob |title=South Bend's New Front: The Track Elevation of 1929 |url=https://westsb.com/content/elevation |publisher=West.SB |access-date=30 November 2019 |date=29 September 2019}}</ref> This was a railroad infrastructure project which saw the removal of [[Grand Trunk Western Railroad]] tracks from Division Street, the removal of [[level crossing]]s from Chapin to Miami streets, the creation of a modern freight layout, and the construction of [[Union Station (South Bend, Indiana)|Union Station]].<ref name=trackelevration/> This project had been seventeen years in the making,<ref name=trackelevration/> and had been the subject of the [[Indiana Supreme Court]] case Vandalia Railroad v. South Bend, which was subsequently affirmed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].<ref name=trackelevration/><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Reports: Vandalia Railroad v. South Bend, 207 U.S. 359 (1907). |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/usrep207359/ |publisher=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>

In 1949, percussionist [[Lionel Hampton]] was informed that his concert at South Bend's Palais du Royale would be a blacks-only event; he threatened to call for a boycott of the venue, and the affair proceeded as an integrated evening, which newspapers said led to all attendees breaking out in "paroxysms of ecstasy".<ref>{{Cite journal |title = Hampton Kayos Jim Crow at South Bend Dance Date |date = March 12, 1949 |journal = Pittsburgh Courier }}</ref>

By 1950, more than half of all employment was in the manufacturing sector.<ref name="EconMan">Indiana Business Review "[http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/IBR/2002/outlook03/southbend.html ASouth Bend/Mishawaka – Elkhart/Goshen]." Retrieved on January 2, 2008.</ref> Due to economic difficulties, [[Studebaker]] closed its automotive manufacturing plants in South Bend in December 1963.<ref name="EarlyHist">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030331205240/http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_stjoe_history.html#sb "Early South Bend"]}}, Northern Indiana Center for History, Retrieved August 30, 2006.</ref> A general decline in manufacturing soon followed as industry was restructured nationwide. By 2000, only 16% of the local economy consisted of manufacturing. Due to the severe loss of jobs, the city's population decreased by nearly 30,000 during that period.<ref name="EconMan" /> This decline of industry and population loss led to the area being designated as part of the midwestern [[Rust Belt]] due to the effects of [[deindustrialization]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prizant |first=Yael |date=2017 |title=Reimagining the Rust Belt: South Bend, Indiana, and The Citizen Project |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/212/article/718435 |journal=Studies in the Literary Imagination |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=21–43 |doi=10.1353/sli.2017.0004 |s2cid=159477281 |issn=2165-2678}}</ref>

In 1984, South Bend community leaders began seeking a minor-league baseball team for the city. A stadium was constructed in 1986 and a 10-year player-development contract was signed with the [[Chicago White Sox]]. The team would be known as the South Bend White Sox. In 1994, the team's name was changed to the South Bend Silver Hawks,<ref name="SilverHawks">South Bend Silver Hawks "[http://www.silverhawks.com/coveleski/aboutcove/ About The Cove] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230204537/http://www.silverhawks.com/coveleski/aboutcove/ |date=2007-12-30 }}." Retrieved August 30, 2006.</ref> and then to the [[South Bend Cubs]] in 2015. They are a Class A minor league affiliate of the Chicago Cubs in the Midwest League.

In 2015, the City of South Bend celebrated its 150th birthday. The yearlong festival culminated with the ceremonial illumination of the first River Lights along the St. Joseph River. Mayor [[Pete Buttigieg]] welcomed the coming of the next 150 years of South Bend's heritage accompanied by five previous South Bend mayors: Steve Luecke, Joe Kernan, Roger Parent, Peter Nemeth and Jerry Miller.<ref>{{cite web |title = South Bend lights up for 150th birthday bash |url = http://www.southbendtribune.com/entertainment/inthebend/sb150/south-bend-lights-up-for-th-birthday-bash/article_6e12c2be-012f-11e5-8854-87b7e50b8ace.html |website = South Bend Tribune |access-date = February 19, 2016 }}</ref>

In 2015, the city's population increased by 286, the largest one-year growth in over twenty years.<ref name="Hawks">Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, South Bend see population growth "[http://www.washtimesherald.com/news/indianapolis-fort-wayne-south-bend-see-population-growth/article_68a5b187-37d7-5159-b960-1771717d16a3.html Population Growth]." Retrieved June 5, 2015.</ref> The former [[Studebaker]] plant has been developed as the [[Ignition Park]] center to attract new businesses, especially in the tech industry.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Ignition Park an Indiana State-Certified Technology Park|url=http://www.ignitionpark.com/aboutignitionpark.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311230332/http://www.ignitionpark.com/aboutignitionpark.asp|archive-date=March 11, 2016|access-date=December 17, 2015|publisher=Ignition Park}}</ref> South Bend has also seen new development, particularly in the tech field, a decline in unemployment, and a renewal of the downtown area under Buttigieg's tenure, which has been described as a revival and South Bend as a 'turnaround city'.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Tullis |first1=Paul |title=Pete Buttigieg Revived South Bend With Tech. Up Next: America |url=https://www.wired.com/story/pete-buttigieg-revived-south-bend-with-tech-up-next-america/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=23 July 2019 |date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hicks |first1=Michael J. |title=An Indiana economist looks at South Bend's revival under Pete Buttigieg |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/an-indiana-economist-looks-at-south-bends-revival-under-pete-buttigieg-2019-04-12 |website=MarketWatch |date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Turnaround city': Pete Buttigieg pushes theme of South Bend revival in run for president |url=https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/politics/turnaround-city-pete-buttigieg-pushes-theme-of-south-bend-revival/article_8088b4d0-9620-54cf-ada9-594918e724dc.html |website=South Bend Tribune |access-date=23 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Manier |first1=Jeremy |title=South Bend, a postindustrial Everycity, is riding the Pete Buttigieg presidential wave |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-south-bend-underdog-rust-belt-city-buttigieg-20190416-story.html |website=chicagotribune.com |date=April 16, 2019 |access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Did South Bend unemployment fall by half under Buttigieg? |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/apr/10/pete-buttigieg/did-south-bend-unemployment-fall-half-under-mayor-/ |website=@politifact |access-date=23 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> South Bend also was in the national spotlight during the 2019-20 Democratic presidential campaign of former mayor Buttigieg.