Editing Soul music (section)

== History ==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ray Charles]] pioneered the soul music genre during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles.]]
Soul music has its roots in [[traditional black gospel music|traditional African-American gospel music]] and [[rhythm and blues]] and as the hybridization of their respective religious and secular styles – in both lyrical content and instrumentation – that began in the 1950s. The term "soul" had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States.<ref>Szatmary, David P. (2014). Rockin' in Time. New Jersey: Pearson. p. 177.</ref>  According to musicologist [[Barry Hansen]],<ref name="hansen">Barry Hansen, ''Rhythm and Gospel'', in Jim Miller (ed.), ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', 1976, pp. 15–18.</ref><blockquote>Though this hybrid produced a clutch of hits in the R&B market in the early 1950s, only the most adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest had to wait for the coming of soul music in the 1960s to feel the rush of [[rock and roll]] sung gospel-style.</blockquote>
[[File:JamesBrown.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Brown]] was known as the "Godfather of Soul".<ref name="Maycock">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/james-brown/soul-survivor/532/ |title=James Brown: Soul Survivor |last=Maycock |first=James |date=October 29, 2003 |publisher=PBS |access-date=April 1, 2014}}</ref>]]
According to AllMusic, "Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the '60s."<ref name="allmusic">[http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soul-ma0000002865 ''About Soul'', AllMusic]. Retrieved July 11, 2013</ref> The phrase "soul music" itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=soul |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |website=Etymonline.com}}</ref> The term "soul" in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride and culture. [[Gospel music|Gospel]] groups in the 1940s and '50s occasionally used the term as part of their names. The [[jazz]] style that originated from gospel became known as [[soul jazz]]. As singers and arrangers began using techniques from both gospel and soul jazz in African-American popular music during the 1960s, soul music gradually functioned as an umbrella term for African-American popular music at the time.<ref name="grove">{{Cite book |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |year=2001 |volume=23 |location=London |chapter=Soul music}}</ref><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/little-richard-p4765 Richie Unterberger, "Little Richard – Artist Biography"], AllMusic</ref>

[[File:Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sam Cooke]] is regarded as one of soul music's "forefathers".]]

According to the Acoustic Music Organization, the "first clear evidence of soul music shows up with [[the "5" Royales]], an ex-gospel group that turned to R&B and in [[Faye Adams]], whose "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B standard".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acousticmusic.org/research/history/timeline-of-musical-styles-guitar-history/|title=Timeline of Musical Styles & Guitar History|website=Acousticmusic.org|accessdate=February 25, 2021}}</ref>

Important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included [[Clyde McPhatter]], [[Hank Ballard]], and [[Etta James]].<ref name=hansen/> [[Ray Charles]] is often cited as popularizing the soul music genre with his series of hits, starting with 1954's "[[I Got a Woman]]".<ref name="pc15">{{Pop Chronicles |15 || Ray Charles}}</ref> Singer [[Bobby Womack]] said, "Ray was the genius. He turned the world onto soul music."<ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/static/p/episodes.pdf BBC Music, Episode guides to ''Soul Deep – The Story Of Black Popular Music'', 2007]. Retrieved July 12, 2013.</ref> Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of [[Pilgrim Travelers]] vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style.

[[Little Richard]], who inspired [[Otis Redding]],<ref name="white">White, Charles. (2003), p. 229. ''The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography.'' Omnibus Press.</ref> and [[James Brown]] both were equally influential. Brown was nicknamed the "Godfather of Soul Music",<ref name="Maycock" /> and Richard proclaimed himself as the "King of Rockin' and Rollin', Rhythm and Blues Soulin{{'"}}, because his music embodied elements of all three, and since he inspired artists in all three genres.<ref>Frederick Douglass Opie, ''Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America'' (Columbia University Press, 2008), chapter 7.</ref>

[[Sam Cooke]] and [[Jackie Wilson]] also are often acknowledged as soul forefathers.<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="pc17">{{Gilliland |show=17 |https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19767/m1/ |Show 17 – The Soul Reformation: More on the evolution of rhythm and blues. [Part 3]}}</ref> Cooke became popular as the lead singer of the gospel group [[the Soul Stirrers]], before controversially moving into secular music. His recording of "[[You Send Me]]" in 1957 launched a successful [[pop music]] career. Furthermore, his 1962 recording of "[[Bring It On Home To Me]]" has been described as "perhaps the first record to define the soul experience".<ref>Joe McEwen, ''Sam Cooke'', in Jim Miller (ed.), ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', 1976, pp. 113–116.</ref> Jackie Wilson, a contemporary of both Cooke and James Brown, also achieved [[crossover (music)|crossover]] success, especially with his 1957 hit "[[Reet Petite]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=James Brown {{!}} Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Brown-American-singer |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> He even was particularly influential for his dramatic delivery and performances.<ref>Joe McEwen, ''Jackie Wilson'', in Jim Miller (ed.), ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', 1976, pp. 117–119.</ref>

=== 1960s ===
[[File:Solomon Burke.jpg|thumb|[[Solomon Burke]] recorded for [[Atlantic Records]] in the 1960s.]]
Husband-wife duo [[Ike & Tina Turner]] emerged as "leading exponents" of soul music in the 1960s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=February 25, 1961 |title=Album Reviews - Popular Picks of the Week |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Cash-Box/60s/1961/CB-1961-02-25.pdf |journal=Cash Box}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peacock |first=Tom |date=1963-02-25 |title=Ike and Tina to Give with 'Soul Music' |pages=2 |work=The Province |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-ike-and-tina-turner-at-blue/129810034/ |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref> Their debut single "[[A Fool in Love]]" crossed over to the pop charts in 1960. They earned a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] nomination for their song "[[It's Gonna Work Out Fine]]" in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ike & Tina Turner {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/ike-tina-turner/13017 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=www.grammy.com}}</ref> Along with the [[Kings of Rhythm]] and [[the Ikettes]], they toured the [[Chitlin' Circuit|Chitlin’ Circuit]] as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeffries |first=Fran |title=Chitlin' Circuit: Black performers' soulful showcase during segregation |language=English |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/chitlin-circuit-black-performers-soulful-showcase-during-segregation/srbp9fswLEa3tsiOe5Z54M/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=1539-7459}}</ref>

Writer [[Peter Guralnick]] is among those to identify [[Solomon Burke]] as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, and [[Atlantic Records]] as the key [[record label]]. Burke's early 1960s songs, including "[[Cry to Me]]", "[[Just Out of Reach]]" and "Down in the Valley" are considered classics of the genre. Guralnick wrote: <blockquote>Soul started, in a sense, with the 1961 success of Solomon Burke's "Just Out of Reach". Ray Charles, of course, had already enjoyed enormous success (also on Atlantic), as had James Brown and Sam Cooke — primarily in a pop vein.  Each of these singers, though, could be looked upon as an isolated phenomenon; it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could begin to see anything even resembling a movement.<ref name="Guralnick (soul)">Peter Guralnick, ''Soul'', in Jim Miller (ed.), ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', 1976, pp. 206.</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Aretha Franklin on January 20, 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Aretha Franklin]] is widely known as the "[[Honorific nicknames in popular music|Queen of Soul]]".]]
[[Ben E. King]] also achieved success in 1961 with "[[Stand by Me (Ben E. King song)|Stand By Me]]", a song directly based on a gospel hymn.<ref name="bbc" /> By the mid-1960s, the initial successes of Burke, King, and others had been surpassed by new soul singers, including [[Stax Records|Stax]] artists such as [[Otis Redding]] and [[Wilson Pickett]], who mainly recorded in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], and [[Muscle Shoals, Alabama]].  According to [[Jon Landau]]:<blockquote>Between 1962 and 1964 Redding recorded a series of soul ballads characterized by unabashedly sentimental lyrics usually begging forgiveness or asking a girlfriend to come home... He soon became known as "Mr. Pitiful" and earned a reputation as the leading performer of soul ballads.<ref>Jon Landau, ''Otis Redding'', in Jim Miller (ed.), ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', 1976, pp. 210–213.</ref></blockquote>

The most important female soul singer to emerge was [[Aretha Franklin]], originally a gospel singer who began to make secular recordings in 1960 but whose career was later revitalized by her recordings for Atlantic.  Her 1967 recordings, such as "[[I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)]]", "[[Respect (song)|Respect]]" (written and originally recorded by Otis Redding), and "[[Do Right Woman, Do Right Man]]" (written by [[Chips Moman]] and [[Dan Penn]]), were significant and commercially successful recordings.<ref name="pc52"/><ref>{{Cite book |title=Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004 |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |publisher=Record Research |year=2004 |page=215 |author-link=Joel Whitburn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=I Never Loved a Man the Way I Loved You: Aretha Franklin, Respect, and the Making of a Soul Music Masterpiece |last=Dobkin |first=Matt |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-312-31828-6 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ineverlovedmanwa0000dobk/page/7 7–8, 187–188] |url=https://archive.org/details/ineverlovedmanwa0000dobk/page/7 }}</ref>{{sfn|Rolling Stone 2010, 500 Songs, p. 112}}

Soul music dominated the U.S. African-American music charts in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S.  Otis Redding was a huge success at the [[Monterey Pop Festival]] in 1967.<ref name="bbc" /> The genre also became highly popular in the UK, where many leading acts toured in the late 1960s. "Soul" became an umbrella term for an increasingly wide variety of R&B-based music styles – from the dance and pop-oriented acts at [[Motown Records]] in [[Detroit]], such as [[the Temptations]], [[Marvin Gaye]] and [[Stevie Wonder]], to "[[deep soul]]" performers such as [[Percy Sledge]] and [[James Carr (singer)|James Carr]].<ref name="Motown Museum">{{Cite web |url=https://www.motownmuseum.org/story/motown/ |title=Motown: The Sound that Changed America |website=Motown Museum |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Erlewine (Sledge)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/percy-sledge-mn0000838195/biography |title=Percy Sledge: Artist Biography |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Huey (Carr)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/james-carr-mn0000107877/biography |title=James Carr: Artist Biography |last=Huey |first=Steve |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref> Different regions and cities within the U.S., including New York City, Detroit, Chicago, [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[New Orleans]], [[Philadelphia]], and Muscle Shoals, Alabama (the home of [[FAME Studios]] and [[Muscle Shoals Sound Studios]]) became noted for different subgenres of the music and recording styles.<ref name=allmusic/><ref name="Brown (Muscle Shoals)">{{Cite web |url=http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/muscle-shoals/index.html |title=Deep Soul |last=Brown |first=Mick |website=Telegraph |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref>

By 1968, while at its peak of popularity, soul began to fragment into different subgenres.  Artists such as James Brown and [[Sly and the Family Stone]] evolved into [[funk]] music, while other singers such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, [[Curtis Mayfield]] and [[Al Green]] developed slicker, more sophisticated and in some cases more politically conscious varieties of the genre.<ref name="bbc" /> However, soul music continued to evolve, informing most subsequent forms of R&B from the 1970s-onward, with pockets of musicians continuing to perform in traditional soul style.<ref name=allmusic/>

=== 1970s and 1980s ===
[[File:Marvin Gaye (1973).png|thumb|left|[[Marvin Gaye]] shifted to a socially conscious sound with his 1971 hit "[[What's Going On (Marvin Gaye song)|What's Going On]]".]]
Mitchell's [[Hi Records]] continued in the [[Stax Records|Stax]] tradition of the previous decade, releasing a string of hits by Green, [[Ann Peebles]], [[Otis Clay]], [[O.V. Wright]] and [[Syl Johnson]].<ref name="Lisle (Mithcell)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/features/articles/hi-records-producer-willie-mitchell-set-tone-polished-memphis-soul/ |title=Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell set the tone for polished Memphis soul |last=Lisle |first=Andria |date=June 25, 2014 |website=Wax Poetics |access-date=October 25, 2016 |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025111428/http://www.waxpoetics.com/blog/features/articles/hi-records-producer-willie-mitchell-set-tone-polished-memphis-soul/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bobby Womack]], who recorded with Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued to produce soul recordings in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Hurt (Womak/Moman)">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nashvillescene.com/music/article/13044490/chips-moman-the-cream-interview |title=Chips Moman: The Cream Interview |last=Hurt |first=Edd |date=August 17, 2012 |website=Nashville Scene |access-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Graceland (Womak/Moman)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.graceland.com/news/details/remembering-chips-moman/8070/ |title=Remembering Chips Moman |date=June 14, 2016 |website=Graceland: The Home od Elvis Presley |access-date=October 25, 2016 |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025113025/https://www.graceland.com/news/details/remembering-chips-moman/8070/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Detroit]], producer [[Don Davis (producer)|Don Davis]] worked with [[Stax Records|Stax]] artists such as [[Johnnie Taylor]] and [[the Dramatics]].<ref name="Hogan (Davis/AllMusic)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-davis-mn0000145319/biography |title=Don Davis: Artist Biography |last=Hogan |first=Ed |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref> Early 1970s recordings by [[the Detroit Emeralds]], such as ''[[Do Me Right (album)|Do Me Right]]'', are a link between soul and the later [[disco]] style.<ref name="Wynn (Detroit Emeralds/AllMusic)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-detroit-emeralds-mn0000244650/biography |title=The Detroit Emeralds |last=Wynn |first=Ron |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref> [[Motown Records]] artists such as [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Stevie Wonder]] and [[Smokey Robinson]] contributed to the evolution of soul music, although their recordings were considered more in a [[pop music]] vein than those of Redding, Franklin and Carr.<ref name="Motown Museum" /> Although stylistically different from classic soul music, recordings by [[Chicago]]-based artists are often considered part of the genre.<ref name="AllMusic (Chicago soul)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/style/chicago-soul-ma0000002509 |title=Chicago Soul |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref>

By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by [[psychedelic rock]] and other genres.<ref name="AllMusic (Psych. Soul)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/style/psychedelic-soul-ma0000005025 |title=Psychedelic Soul |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 26, 2016}}</ref> Artists like [[James Brown (musician)|James Brown]] led soul towards [[funk]] music, which became typified by 1970s bands like [[Parliament-Funkadelic]] and [[the Meters]].<ref name="Erlewine (Meters)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-meters-mn0000402872/biography |title=The Meters:Artist Biography |last=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref> More versatile groups such as [[War (U.S. band)|War]], [[the Commodores]], and [[Earth, Wind and Fire]] became popular around this time.<ref name="Huey (War)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/war-mn0000191947/biography |title=War: Artist Biography |last=Huey |first=Steve |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref> During the 1970s, some slick and commercial [[blue-eyed soul]] acts like Philadelphia's [[Hall & Oates]] and Oakland's [[Tower of Power]] achieved mainstream success, as did a new generation of street-corner harmony or "city-soul" groups such as [[the Delfonics]] and the historically black [[Howard University]]'s [[Unifics]].<ref name="Erlewine (Hall/Oats)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/daryl-hall-john-oates-mn0000674887/biography |title=Daryl Hall & John Oates: Artist Biography |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Prato (Tower)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/tower-of-power-mn0000013393/biography |title=Tower of Power: Artist Biography |last=Prato |first=Greg |website=AllMusic |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref>

The syndicated music/dance variety television series ''[[Soul Train]]'', hosted by Chicago native [[Don Cornelius]], debuted in 1971.<ref name="Chideya (Cornelius)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/farai-chideya/soul-train-and-pain-new-b_b_4005370.html |title=Soul Train and Pain: New Book Explores The Legacy of Don Cornelius' Empire |last=Chideya |first=Farai |date=November 30, 2013 |website=The Huffington Post |access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> The show provided an outlet for soul music for several decades, also spawning a franchise that saw the creation of a record label ([[Soul Train Records]]) that distributed music by [[the Whispers]], [[Carrie Lucas]], and an up-and-coming group known as [[Shalamar]].<ref name="Soul Train (Record Label)">{{Cite web |url=http://soultraincruise.com/news/it-all-started-with-soul-train |title=It all Started with Soul Train |date=August 12, 2015 |website=Soul Train Cruise |access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> Numerous disputes led to Cornelius spinning off the record label to his talent booker, [[Dick Griffey]], who transformed the label into [[Solar Records]], itself a prominent soul music label throughout the 1980s.<ref name="Soul Train (Record Label)" /> The TV series continued to air until 2006, although other predominantly African-American music genres such as hip-hop began overshadowing soul on the show beginning in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cornelius-soultrain/soul-train-creator-don-cornelius-commits-suicide-idUSTRE8101HY20120202 |title="Soul Train" creator Don Cornelius commits suicide |date=February 2012 |work=Reuters |access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref>

===Beyond===
As [[disco]] and funk musicians had hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s, soul went in the direction of [[quiet storm]]. With its relaxed tempos and soft melodies, quiet storm soul took influences from [[Jazz fusion|fusion]] and [[adult contemporary]]. Some funk bands, such as EW&F, the Commodores and [[Con Funk Shun]] would have a few quiet storm tracks on their albums. Among the most successful acts in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne, [[Peabo Bryson]], [[Chaka Khan]], and [[Larry Graham]].

After the decline of disco and funk in the early 1980s, soul music became influenced by [[electro music]]. It became less raw and more slickly produced, resulting in a style that is known as [[contemporary R&B]], which sounded very different from the original [[rhythm and blues]] style. The United States saw the development of [[neo-soul]] around 1994.