Editing Somerville, Massachusetts (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Somerville, Massachusetts}}

===Indigenous settlement===
The area that would become Somerville was inhabited for thousands of years prior to [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]], with multiple archaeological sites indicating habitation in the [[Mystic River]] watershed as early as the beginning of the [[Archaic period (North America)|Archaic Period]] (8000–1000 BCE).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Massachusetts Historical Commission |date=1982 |title=Historical and Archaeological Resources of the Boston Area: A Framework for Preservation Decisions |url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/mhc/preservation/survey/regional-reports/Bostonarea.pdf |access-date=October 16, 2024 |website=Massachusetts Historical Commission: Regional Reconnaissance Survey Reports}}</ref> At the time of English contact in the 1600s, the Somerville area was inhabited by the Mystic Tribe of the [[Naumkeag people]], headed by the [[Squaw Sachem of Mistick|Squaw Sachem]] and her son [[Wonohaquaham]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Medford Historical Society Papers, Volume 24., The Indians of the Mystic valley and the litigation over their land. |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2005.05.0024:chapter=26 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210143509/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2005.05.0024:chapter=26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Though no archaeological sites within Somerville have been identified from this time period, an indigenous settlement near College Hill in Somerville can be inferred from contemporary written records.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Massachusetts Historical Commission |date=1980 |title=MHC Reconnaissance Survey Town Report: Somerville |url=https://www.sec.state.ma.us/divisions/mhc/preservation/survey/town-reports/smv.pdf |website=Massachusetts Historical Commission Town Reconnaissance Reports}}</ref> The Mystic River continued to be an important regional core for the Naumkeag into the period of European colonization in the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref name=":5" />

In 1627, Mystic [[sachem]] Wonohaquaham reportedly gave permission for English settlement at Charlestown,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wonohaquaham {{!}} menotomyjournal |url=https://menotomyjournal.com/massachuset/wonohaquaham.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=menotomyjournal.com |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209080523/https://menotomyjournal.com/massachuset/wonohaquaham.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which then included present-day Somerville. In 1639, his mother the Squaw Sachem deeded the land that would become Somerville to English settlers.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haley |first=M. A. |title=The story of Somerville |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcmassbookdig.storyofsomervill00haley/?sp=15&st=image |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA |page=15}}</ref>

===Early European colonization===
The territory now comprising the city of Somerville was first settled by Europeans in 1629 as part of [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. In 1629, English surveyor [[Thomas Graves (engineer)|Thomas Graves]] led a scouting party of 100 [[Puritans]] from the settlement of [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] to prepare the site for the [[Great Migration (Puritan)|Great Migration]] of [[Puritans]] from [[England]]. Graves was attracted to the narrow Mishawum Peninsula between the [[Charles River|Charles]] and [[Mystic River|Mystic]] rivers, linked to the mainland at the present-day [[Sullivan Square]]. The area of earliest settlement was based at City Square on the peninsula, though the territory of Charlestown officially included all of what is now Somerville, as well as [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]], [[Everett, Massachusetts|Everett]],  [[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]],<ref>{{cite web | title = A Condensed History of Melrose | url = http://www.cityofmelrose.org/Interns%2007/a_condensed_history_of.htm | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090615120514/http://www.cityofmelrose.org/Interns%2007/a_condensed_history_of.htm | archive-date = 2009-06-15 }} City of Melrose. Retrieved 2010-07-15.</ref> [[Stoneham, Massachusetts|Stoneham]],<ref>{{cite book
|title = A History of New England
|volume = 1
|editor=R. H. Howard |editor2=Henry E. Crocker
|page = 202
|year= 1880
|publisher = Crocker & Co.
|location = Boston
|url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/m/mdp/pt?seq=228&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015014744588&u=1&num=202
}}</ref> [[Melrose, Massachusetts|Melrose]], [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]], [[Burlington, Massachusetts|Burlington]], and parts of [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]] and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/historytownmedf00broogoog | quote=History of Medford Massachusetts. | title=History of the Town of Medford, Middlesex County, Massachusetts: From Its First Settlement, in 1630, to the Present Time, 1855 | publisher=J.M. Usher | author1=Brooks, Charles | author2=Whitmore, William Henry | page=[https://archive.org/details/historytownmedf00broogoog/page/n24 2] | year=1855 | location=Medford, Mass. | oclc=1183559}}</ref> From that time until 1842, the area of present-day Somerville was referred to as "beyond the Neck" in reference to the thin spit of land, the [[Charlestown Neck]], that connected it to the Charlestown Peninsula.<ref name="early">{{cite web|url=http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/GroupA-IntroAndNarrative.pdf|title=Introduction to Early Somerville: 1600-1865|date=2009-10-16|pages=1–2|access-date=December 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213023000/http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/GroupA-IntroAndNarrative.pdf|archive-date=December 13, 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The first European settler in Somerville of whom there is any record was John Woolrich, an Indian trader who came from the Charlestown Peninsula in 1630, and settled near what is now Dane Street.<ref>M. A. Haley, ''The Story of Somerville,'' (1903), p. 8 (accessible on google books)</ref> Others soon followed Woolrich, locating in the vicinity of present-day [[Union Square (Somerville)|Union Square]].  In 1639 colonists officially acquired the land in what is now Somerville from the [[Squaw Sachem of Mistick]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/storyofsomervill00haley|title=The story of Somerville|first=M[ary] A[lice|last=Haley|date=August 4, 1903|publisher=Boston, The Writer publishing company|accessdate=August 4, 2022|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The population continued to slowly increase, and by 1775 there were about 500 inhabitants scattered across the area. Otherwise, the area was mostly used as grazing and farmland. It was once known as the "Stinted Pasture" or "Cow Commons", as early settlers of Charlestown had the right to pasture a certain number of cows in the area.

[[John Winthrop]], the first colonial governor of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], was granted {{convert|600|acre|ha|sigfig=2|abbr=off}} of land in the area in 1631. Named for the ten small knolls located on the property, Ten Hills Farm extended from the Cradock Bridge in present-day Medford Square to Convent Hill in [[East Somerville]]. Winthrop lived, planted, and raised cattle on the farm. It is also where he launched the first ship in Massachusetts, the "[[Blessing of the Bay]]". Built for trading purposes in the early 1630s, it was soon armed for use as a patrol boat for the New England coast. It is seen as a precursor to the [[United States Navy]].<ref>{{cite book | title=John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founding Father | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Bremer, Francis J. | year=2005 | location=New York, New York | isbn=9780195179811}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjoh00wint | title=Life And Letters Of John Winthrop: Governor Of The Massachusetts Bay Company At Their Emigration To New England 1630 | publisher=Ticknor and Fields | author=Winthrop, Robert C. | year=1864 | location=Boston, Mass. | pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofjoh00wint/page/64 64] | oclc=22225288}}</ref> The "[[Ten Hills]]" neighborhood, located in the northeastern part of the city, has retained the name for over 300 years. New research has found that less than a decade after John Winthrop moved to the farm in 1631, there were enslaved Native American [[prisoners of war]] on the property. Each successive owner of Ten Hills Farm would depend upon slavery's profits until the 1780s, when Massachusetts abolished the practice.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2010/01/18/new_englands_scarlet_s_for_slavery/ |title= New England's Scarlet 'S' for Slavery |last1= Manegold |first1= C.S. |date= January 18, 2010 |publisher= [[Boston.com]] |access-date= December 7, 2013 |archive-date= December 12, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175649/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2010/01/18/new_englands_scarlet_s_for_slavery/ |url-status= live }}</ref>

In a short time, the settlers began laying out roads in all directions in search of more land for planting and trade with various Native American tribes in the area. Laid out as early as the mid-1630s, the earliest highway in Somerville was probably what is now Washington Street, and led from present-day Sullivan Square to [[Harvard Square]]. In its earliest days, Washington Street was known as the "Road to Newtowne" (renamed Cambridge in 1638). During the 1700s and early 1800s Somerville Avenue was "Milk Row," a route favored by [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]] dairy farmers as the best way to get to the markets of Charlestown and Boston.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Cheney |first=Isobel M. |url=http://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofs00chen |title=A social history of Somerville, Massachusetts 1630-1842 |date=1949 |others=Boston University Libraries |pages=55–57; 66–67 |language=en |quote="...belonged to Peter, known as  'Peter of Milk Row' (now Somerville Avenue)"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Neck: The Architecture and Development of Somerville - Ch 1 Charlestown Beyond the Neck and its Buildings |url=https://www.somervillebydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Ch.-1-Pt.-1-Intro-Through-Charlestown-Beyond-the-Neck.pdf |page=10 |access-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329021719/https://www.somervillebydesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Ch.-1-Pt.-1-Intro-Through-Charlestown-Beyond-the-Neck.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Laid out in 1636, Broadway was likely the second highway built in the area. Originally called "Menotomie's Road", it ran from the Charlestown Neck to the settlement at Menotomy (present-day [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]]). Initially bordered by farmsteads, Broadway would come into its own as a commercial thoroughfare after horse-drawn trolleys were
introduced to the highway in 1858.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/2011-BrochureFinal-ForTour5-1-2011.pdf |title= Hidden in Plain Sight: Eyes on Historic East Somerville |last1= Somerville Historic Preservation Commission |date= 1 May 2011 |website= somervillema.gov |publisher= City of Somerville Office of Strategic Planning and Community Development |access-date= December 7, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131212235421/http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/2011-BrochureFinal-ForTour5-1-2011.pdf |archive-date= December 12, 2013 }}</ref>

===Role in the Revolutionary War===
[[File:Powder House 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Old Powder House in Nathan Tufts Park]]

Somerville was home to one of the first hostile acts of the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The removal of gunpowder by British soldiers from a powder magazine in 1774, and the [[Powder Alarm|massive popular reaction]] that ensued, are considered to be a turning point in the events leading up to war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millbury.dailyvoice.com/news/powder-alarm-sets-stage-revolution|title=The Powder Alarm sets the stage for revolution|last1=Balestrieri|first1=Steve|date=25 September 2011|website=millbury.dailyvoice.com|publisher=The Millbury Daily Voice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210140636/http://millbury.dailyvoice.com/news/powder-alarm-sets-stage-revolution|archive-date=10 December 2013|access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref>

First built by settlers for use as a windmill in the early 1700s, the [[Old Powder House]] was sold to the colonial government of Massachusetts for use as a [[gunpowder magazine]] in 1747. Located at the intersection of Broadway and College Avenue in present-day [[Powder House Square]], the Old Powder House held the largest supply of gunpowder in all of Massachusetts. General [[Thomas Gage]], who had become the military governor of Massachusetts in May 1774, was charged with enforcement of the highly unpopular [[Intolerable Acts]], which [[Parliament of Great Britain|British Parliament]] had passed in response to the [[Boston Tea Party]]. Seeking to prevent the outbreak of war, he believed that the best way to accomplish this was by secretly removing military stores from storehouses and arsenals in [[New England]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/NathanParksBrochure10-23.pdf |title= A Visitor's Guide to Nathan Tufts Park |last1= Parks & Open Space Department |website= somervillema.gov |publisher= City of Somerville Office of Strategic Planning & Community Development |access-date= December 7, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131213014658/http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/NathanParksBrochure10-23.pdf |archive-date= December 13, 2013 }}</ref>

Just after dawn on September 1, 1774, a force of roughly 260 British [[Regular army|regulars]] from the [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|4th Regiment]], under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Maddison, were rowed in secrecy up the [[Mystic River]] from [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] to a landing point near Winter Hill. From there they marched about {{convert|1|mi|km|round=0.5|abbr=off|spell=in|sp=us}} to the Powder House, and after sunrise removed all of the gunpowder. Most of the regulars then returned to Boston the way they had come, but a small contingent marched on to [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], seizing two [[Field Artillery|field pieces]] from the [[Cambridge Common]].<ref name="Fischer44">[[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 44–45</ref> The field pieces and powder were then taken from Boston to the British stronghold on [[Castle Island (Massachusetts)|Castle Island]], then known as Castle William (renamed [[Fort Independence (Massachusetts)|Fort Independence]] in 1779).<ref>{{cite book|title=Powder Alarm 1774|first=Robert P|last=Richmond|publisher=Auerbach|year=1971|ref=Richmond|isbn=978-0-87769-073-3|location=Princeton, NJ|oclc=162197|url=https://archive.org/details/powderalarm177400rich}}</ref>

In response to the raid, amid rumors that blood had been shed, alarm spread through the countryside as far as [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]] and beyond, and [[Patriot (American Revolution)|American Patriots]] sprang into action, fearing that war was at hand. Thousands of militiamen began streaming toward [[Boston]] and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], and mob action forced [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] and some government officials to flee to the protection of the [[British Army]]. This action provided a "dress rehearsal" for the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] seven months later in the famous "shot heard 'round the world", and inflamed already heated feelings on both sides, spurring actions by both British and American forces to remove powder and cannon to secure locations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Somerville {{!}} City of Somerville |url=https://www.somervillema.gov/about |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.somervillema.gov |archive-date=April 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406050321/https://www.somervillema.gov/about |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

After the raid on the Powder House, the colonists took action to conceal arms and munitions of war in [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]]. When General Gage found out, he was resolved to take the powder by force if necessary. The Americans learned that the British intended to start for Concord on April 18, 1775, and couriers [[Paul Revere]] and [[William Dawes]] set out on their famous ride to warn the farmers and militiamen in between Boston and Concord, including [[Sam Adams]] and [[John Hancock]]. That night, he set out from the [[North End, Boston|North End]] through [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]] towards [[East Somerville]]. In Revere's own written account of his ride, he mentions a specific location in Somerville (then part of Charlestown).<ref name="focus on: Paul Revere's ride">[http://www.masshist.org/objects/cabinet/april2002/reveretranscription.htm Focus on: Paul Revere's ride] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913182807/http://www.masshist.org/objects/cabinet/april2002/reveretranscription.htm |date=September 13, 2018 }}, masshist.org. Accessed November 30, 2022.</ref> The location was the site where the executed body of a local enslaved man known as "[[Mark Codman|Mark]]", owned by John Codman, was publicly [[gibbet]]ed and displayed for several years after his execution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/09/26/new_englands_hidden_history/?page=full|title=New England's hidden history|first=Francie|last=Latour|accessdate=August 4, 2022|newspaper=[[Boston.com]]|archive-date=August 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804032656/http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2010/09/26/new_englands_hidden_history/?page=full|url-status=live}}</ref> The location is probably near the site of the present day Holiday Inn on Washington Street.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2012/04/14/paul-revere-midnight-ride-day-car-behind-wheel-for-paul-revere-ride/ZWxLdKEj0F4zdjD9MFhNoM/story.html|title=Paul Revere's midnight ride — by day, in a car|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=June 22, 2017|archive-date=December 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222045727/http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2012/04/14/paul-revere-midnight-ride-day-car-behind-wheel-for-paul-revere-ride/ZWxLdKEj0F4zdjD9MFhNoM/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Revere wrote "nearly opposite where Mark was hung in chains, I saw two men on Horse back, under a Tree",<ref name="focus on: Paul Revere's ride"/> which he then realized were two British officers stationed on Washington Street. They immediately pursued him, and Revere galloped up Broadway towards Winter Hill and eventually eluded them. His warning gave the militia enough time to prepare for battle, and launch the American Revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://somervillenews.typepad.com/the_somerville_news/2009/04/time-to-remember-paul-reveres-somerville-ties.html |title= Time to remember Paul Revere's Somerville ties |last1= Stafford |first1= Steven |date= April 19, 2009 |website= thesomervillenews.com |publisher= The Somerville News |access-date= December 7, 2013 |archive-date= December 11, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131211121438/http://somervillenews.typepad.com/the_somerville_news/2009/04/time-to-remember-paul-reveres-somerville-ties.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

Shortly after Paul Revere set out on his ride, Lieutenant Colonel [[Francis Smith (British Army officer)|Francis Smith]] and 700 British Army regulars landed near [[Lechmere Square]]. As it was nearly high tide, [[East Cambridge]] was an island and the troops, skirting the marshes, were obliged to wade "thigh deep" to reach Somerville. They probably came through Prospect Street into Washington Street, and through Union Square.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2012/04/14/paul-revere-midnight-ride-day-car-behind-wheel-for-paul-revere-ride/ZWxLdKEj0F4zdjD9MFhNoM/story.html | title=Paul Revere's midnight ride—by day, in a car | publisher=The Boston Globe | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=2012-04-15 | access-date=2013-08-08 | author=Klein, Christopher | archive-date=December 22, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222045727/http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/travel/2012/04/14/paul-revere-midnight-ride-day-car-behind-wheel-for-paul-revere-ride/ZWxLdKEj0F4zdjD9MFhNoM/story.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Ross_Moffett-_A_Skirmish_Between_British_and_Colonists_near_Somerville_in_Revolutionary_Times_-1980.133.3_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg|center|500px|thumb|[[Ross Moffett]]'s ''A Skirmish Between British and Colonists near Somerville in Revolutionary Times'', 1937]]
Defeated and in retreat, the British army passed again through Somerville en route back to Boston. Upon reaching Union Square, the British marched down Washington Street as far as the base of Prospect Hill, where a skirmish took place. The handful of rebellious locals, having heard of the storied battles at Lexington and Concord earlier that day, caught an exhausted retreating British contingent off guard. As the story goes, 65-year-old minuteman James Miller lost his life in the scuffle while standing his ground against the British. He was shot thirteen times after famously telling a retreating colleague, "I am too old to run."<ref name="Haskell">{{cite book|url=http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/HaskellsHistoricalGuideBook.pdf | title=Haskell's Historical Guide-book of Somerville, Massachusetts | publisher=A. L. Haskell, Printer and Stationer | author=A. L. Haskell | year=1905 | location=Somerville, Mass. | oclc=10635110 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108092806/http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/HaskellsHistoricalGuideBook.pdf | archive-date=2014-01-08 }}</ref>

Somerville occupied a conspicuous position during the entire [[Siege of Boston]], which lasted nine months, and Prospect Hill became the central position of the [[Continental Army|Continental Army's]] chain of emplacements north of Boston. Its height and commanding view of Boston and the harbor had tremendous strategic value and the fortress became known as the "Citadel". Originally occupied by just 400 men, Prospect Hill became a primary encampment for American forces after General [[Israel Putnam]]'s retreat from the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]]. It is believed that on January 1, 1776, the [[Continental Union Flag]] flew for the first time at the Citadel, the first official raising of an American flag.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research upholds traditional Prospect Hill flag story|date=December 30, 2013|url=https://patch.com/massachusetts/somerville/research-upholds-traditional-prospect-hill-flag-story|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-date=October 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003175731/https://patch.com/massachusetts/somerville/research-upholds-traditional-prospect-hill-flag-story|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeLear|first=Byron|date=2014|title=Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British?|url=http://nava.org/digital-library/raven/Raven_v21_2014_p019-070.pdf|journal=Raven: A Journal of Vexillology|volume=21|page=54|doi=10.5840/raven2014213}}</ref>

===Independence, urbanization and rapid growth===
With the Revolutionary War over, the residents of Somerville were able once again to devote their energies wholeheartedly to the business of making a living. From the 1780s until Somerville's separation from Charlestown in 1842, material progress was continuous, if a bit slow. As transportation infrastructure gradually transformed the area, new industries sprang up, such as brickmaking, quarrying and dairy farming.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samuels |first1=Edward A. (Edward Augustus) |url=http://archive.org/details/somervillepast00samu |title=Somerville, past and present : an illustrated historical souvenir commemorative of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the establishment of the city government of Somerville, Massachusetts |last2=Kimball |first2=Henry H. (Henry Hastings) |date=1897 |publisher=Boston : Samuels and Kimball |others=New York Public Library}}</ref>

Transportation improvements in the early to mid-1800s factored significantly in the growth of a more urban residential form and Somerville's incorporation as a City in 1872. These improvements included the opening of the [[Middlesex Canal]] through Somerville in 1803,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://mvtf.wordpress.com/mystic-river-walking-tour/sullivan-square-and-transportation-changes/ |title= Sullivan Square: Part 1 of 3 |website= Somerville Development Forum |date= July 22, 2012 |access-date= December 6, 2013 |archive-date= December 18, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131218092412/http://mvtf.wordpress.com/mystic-river-walking-tour/sullivan-square-and-transportation-changes/ |url-status= live }}</ref> various turnpikes such as Medford and Beacon streets, built during the 1810s and 1820s, and especially the introduction of rail lines. In 1841, the [[Fitchburg Railroad]] was built between Boston and [[Fresh Pond (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Fresh Pond]] in Cambridge, paralleling the route of Somerville Avenue. This led to the establishment of industries along its path. Soon after, in 1843 the Fitchburg Railroad commenced passenger service and enabled residential development along the southern slopes of Prospect and Spring hills. By the early 1840s, the population of present-day Somerville topped 1,000 for the first time.<ref name="The Tufts Daily">{{cite news | url=http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5519/the-making-of-somerville-a-working-history-1.600218#.UqO2Z42E6IY | title=The making of Somerville: A working history | publisher=The Tufts Daily | date=April 22, 2004 | access-date=December 7, 2013 | author=Roan, Dan | work=tuftsdaily.com | archive-date=December 13, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213095209/http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5519/the-making-of-somerville-a-working-history-1.600218#.UqO2Z42E6IY | url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite the growth, however, discontent was growing steadily outside the "neck". The area's rural farmers paid taxes to the local government in Charlestown, but received little in return. By 1842, the area had no churches, few schools, no taverns, and suffered from poor and impassable roads. For many years after the Revolution the two parts of Charlestown styled "within" and "without the neck" were nearly equal in population; the former had by this time completely outstripped the latter. With this growth of population and trade came the need of city institutions, and consequently greater expenses were involved. Therefore, the rural part of Charlestown found itself contributing to the paving of the streets, the maintenance of a night watch, to the building of engine houses, and various other improvements from which they derived little benefit.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lund |first=Frederick J. |date=1996 |title=A Brief History of Somerville |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/somervillema-live/s3fs-public/documents/historic/BriefHistoryOfSomerville.pdf |page=10 |access-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329021719/https://s3.amazonaws.com/somervillema-live/s3fs-public/documents/historic/BriefHistoryOfSomerville.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1828, a petition was presented to the [[Massachusetts General Court|Legislature]] asking that a part of
Charlestown be set off as a separate town, to be known as Warren. This petition was subsequently withdrawn. The desire for a separate township continued to spread, and by 1841, becoming impatient at the neglect of the government to adequately provide for their needs, the inhabitants again agitated a division of the town, and a meeting in reference to the matter was held November 22 in the Prospect Hill school house.<ref>{{cite book |last= Adams Drake |first= Samuel |year= 1880 |title= History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: Containing Carefully Prepared Histories of Every City and Town in the County, Volume 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNaAnwRMedUC&q=Asa%20Pritchard%20somerville&pg=PA315 |publisher= Nabu Press |access-date=December 7, 2013}}</ref>

A petition was accordingly drawn up and signed by Guy C. Hawkins and 151 others, and a committee deputed to further its passage through the legislature, then in session. A bill [[Place (United States Census Bureau)|incorporating]] a new town was signed by the governor on March 3, 1842. The original choice for the city's new name, after breaking away from Charlestown, was Walford, after the first settler of Charlestown, Thomas Walford. However, this name was not adopted by the separation committee. Charles Miller, a member of this committee, proposed the name "Somerville", which was ultimately chosen. It was not derived from any one person's name, and a report commissioned by the Somerville Historical Society found that Somerville was a "purely fanciful name".<ref name=Haskell />

Before Somerville became a township in 1842 the area was primarily populated by British farmers and brick makers who sold their wares in the markets of Boston, Cambridge and Charlestown. As the markets grew, the population of Somerville increased six-fold between the years of 1842 and 1870 to 14,685. With the sharp influx of immigrants to the Somerville area, industry boomed and brick manufacturing became the predominant trade. Before mechanical presses were invented, Somerville produced 1.3 million bricks a year. Thereafter, production increased rapidly to 5.5 million bricks a year, and the success of the brickyards began to attract numerous other industries. In 1851, American Tubes Works opened, followed by meat processing and packaging plants. Other Somerville factories came to produce steam engines, boilers, household appliances, glass, and iron.

Shortly thereafter Somerville incorporated as a city in 1872. The population growth was due in part to improvements in pre-existing transportation lines, as well as a new rail line, the [[Lexington and Arlington Railroad]], introduced through [[Davis Square]] in 1870. At its height, Somerville was served by eight passenger rail stations. Somerville's buoyant economy during this period was tied to industries that tended to locate at the periphery of the residential core, near freight rail corridors. By the mid-1870s [[Meat packing industry|meat packing]] plants were the primary employers and profit centers of the community.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5SjKPbaGoC&pg=PA116 | title=The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth | publisher=MIT Press | author=James C. O'Connell | year=2013 | location=Cambridge, Mass. | page=116 | isbn=978-0-262-01875-3}}</ref> 
[[File:Martha Perry Lowe School.png|thumb|[[Martha Perry Lowe]] School (1904)]]
The Late Industrial Period (1870–1915) was a time of phenomenal growth for Somerville in all spheres including civic and commercial ventures. Infrastructure such as rail, water lines, telegraph and electricity were established and connected to surrounding towns. The population soared from 15,000 to 90,000. While brickmaking had taken a hold in the area after the railroads first arrived in the 1830s, Somerville's brickyards boomed through 1870. Meatpacking soon displaced brickmaking as the primary industry in the city, dubbed "The Chicago of New England". Additionally, Somerville's location adjacent to Boston and proximity to rail and road transportation made it an ideal location for distribution facilities.<ref name=":3" />

It was in this period that Irish immigrants moved to Somerville to work in the brickyards and on the railroad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ueda|first=Reed|date=1979|title=Suburban Social Change and Educational Reform: The Case of Somerville, Massachusetts, 1912-1924|journal=Social Science History|volume=3.3/4|issue=3–4|pages=167–203|doi=10.1017/S0145553200022963|s2cid=147002944 }}</ref> At the same time, older residents of East Boston and Charlestown moved to Somerville to seek a more bucolic setting than that of more densely populated areas. They also worked to maintain political control over immigrant groups, using slogans such as "Keep Somerville Republican" and establishing a local branch of the anti-Catholic [[American Protective Association]].<ref name=":0" />

Between 1915 and 1930 population growth slowed slightly as Somerville's industries consolidated rather than expanded, and the period's most important enterprises were meat packing, dairy processing, ice and food distribution. In 1920, 73% of meatpacking in Massachusetts occurred in Somerville.<ref name=":0" /> Construction of the McGrath Highway in 1925 marked the turning point of Somerville as an industrial city, which accelerated when the [[Ford Motor Company]] built [[Somerville Assembly|a plant]] in [[Assembly Square]] in 1926. In the years that followed, Somerville would see itself transformed into a major industrial center as automobile assembly surpassed meat packing as Somerville's most important industry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://digboston.com/boston-news-opinions/2013/06/the-somerville-files-part-2-ghosts-of-assembly-square/ | title=The Somerville Files: The Ghosts of Assembly Square | publisher=Dig Boston | date=June 26, 2013 | access-date=December 7, 2013 | first1=Chris | last2=Vaccaro | first2=Adam | last1=Faraone | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806092410/http://digboston.com/boston-news-opinions/2013/06/the-somerville-files-part-2-ghosts-of-assembly-square/ | archive-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>

By 1930, 70% of Somerville residents had either been born outside of the United States or had parents who were. The population was then estimated to be 60% Catholic.<ref name=":0" />

Although Union Square and Davis Square continued to be the largest commercial areas during the first decades of the 20th century, smaller, less-developed squares grew as well. [[Ball Square]], [[Magoun Square]] and [[Teele Square]] were developed with one- or two-story masonry commercial buildings, and the public green at [[Gilman Square]] was surrounded by multiple four-story commercial buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gilman Square Station Area Plan|url=https://2xbcbm3dmbsg12akbzq9ef2k-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Gilman-Square-Station-Area-Plan-Final-Web.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021230801/https://2xbcbm3dmbsg12akbzq9ef2k-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Gilman-Square-Station-Area-Plan-Final-Web.pdf|archive-date=October 21, 2020|access-date=May 25, 2021|page=24}}</ref> Retail development and banking facilities also spread. During this time of industrial prosperity, continuing through World War II, the city of Somerville reached its population apex at 105,883 residents in 1940. The building boom continued until the 1940s, creating the dense residential fabric the "city of homes" is known for.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ci.somerville.ma.us/sites/default/files/documents/C%20Econ.%20%26%20Comm%20Development%20Final.pdf | title=Five Year Consolidated Plan 2008-2013 | publisher=City of Somerville Office of Strategic Planning & Community Development | date=February 2008 | access-date=December 7, 2013 | series=Section Two: Economic & Community Development | website=somervillema.gov | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040644/http://www.ci.somerville.ma.us/sites/default/files/documents/C%20Econ.%20%26%20Comm%20Development%20Final.pdf | archive-date=January 6, 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Deindustrialization and decline===
By mid-century, powerful social and economic forces precipitated a period of industrial and population decline that lasted into the 1980s. The postwar period was characterized by the ascent of the private automobile, which carried significant implications for Somerville. Streetcar lines that had crisscrossed the city since 1890 were systematically ripped out and commuter rail service was discontinued at the city's eight railway stations, one by one. Passenger rail service along the Fitchburg and Lowell lines had been declining for some time, and stations such as the [[Winter Hill station]] at [[Gilman Square]] were removed as early as the late 1940s. Passenger rail service stopped altogether by 1958.

The number of cars on Somerville's streets continued to rise, and road construction projects proliferated. The [[Alewife Brook Parkway]], [[Mystic Valley Parkway]] and the [[Fells Connector Parkways]], originally conceived in the 1890s as a means for city residents to reach the metropolitan parks, evolved into congested commuter routes for suburban drivers. Highway projects were advanced in the wake of the [[Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956]], in some instances displacing entire neighborhoods. The [[Brickbottom (Somerville, Massachusetts)|Brickbottom]] neighborhood was razed in 1950 to prepare for a proposed [[Interstate 695 (Massachusetts)|Inner Belt Expressway]], and construction of [[Interstate 93]] resulted in demolition of homes in The States neighborhood during the late 1960s.<ref name="McGrath overpass may come down">{{cite news | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/regionals/north/2013/05/18/plan-calls-for-flattening-mcgrath-highway-somerville/qMJ2k4oUeWWn003WfWIoXL/story.html | title=McGrath overpass may come down | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=May 19, 2013 | access-date=February 4, 2015 | author=Bencks, Jarret | archive-date=February 5, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205023541/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/regionals/north/2013/05/18/plan-calls-for-flattening-mcgrath-highway-somerville/qMJ2k4oUeWWn003WfWIoXL/story.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1970, the [[Rent control in Massachusetts|state authorized rent control]] in municipalities with more than 50,000 residents.<ref name=enacted>{{cite web | url = https://rentcontrolhistory.com/chapters/rent-control-was-enacted-in-1920/ | title = Rent control was enacted in 1920. | publisher = Mass Landlords, Inc | accessdate = January 3, 2024 }}</ref> Somerville, Lynn, Brookline, and Cambridge subsequently adopted rent control.{{r|enacted}} Rent control was [[1994 Massachusetts elections#Question 9|repealed statewide in 1994]] via ballot initiative.{{r|once}} At the time, only Boston, Cambridge, and Brookline had rent control measures in place.<ref name=once>{{Cite news | title = Once Rejected by Voters, Rent Control Back on the Table in Massachusetts | date = January 13, 2020 | publisher = NewBostonPost | first = Tom |last = Joyce }}</ref>

Industry slowly moved outward to the metropolitan fringes, encouraged by highway access and cheap, undeveloped land. [[Somerville Assembly|The Ford Motor Plant]] in [[Assembly Square]], which had been one of the region's largest employers, closed its doors in 1958 with severe consequences for the local economy. From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, [[Finast|Finast Supermarkets]] used the building that had earlier housed the Ford assembly plant on Middlesex Avenue, but in 1976 it too closed its doors. By 1976, Assembly Square was becoming a ghost town: Finast Stores, the [[Boston and Maine Railroad]], and Ford Motor Company, which had each paid the city over $1 million in annual taxes, were gone. By the late 1970s, Somerville was losing population, revenue and jobs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://readex.com/blog/ford-fiasco-tracking-rise-and-fall-edsel-american-newspaper-archives |title= Ford Fiasco: Tracking the Rise and Fall of the Edsel in American Newspaper Archives |last1= Roberts |first1= Bruce D. |date= April 30, 2013 |website= Readex |publisher= NewsBank, Inc. |access-date= December 7, 2013 |archive-date= December 13, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131213072219/http://readex.com/blog/ford-fiasco-tracking-rise-and-fall-edsel-american-newspaper-archives |url-status= live }}</ref>

Somerville also has a history of racial tension. It only hired its first black police officer, a person named Francis Moore, in 1974.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Harvey |first=Joseph |date=11 September 1979 |title=Somerville must pay black officer $14,000 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-francis-moore/144338770/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |pages=17, 28 |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329021718/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-francis-moore/144338770/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Moore subsequently won a suit charging that the police department was "blatantly discriminatory" against him, including an episode in which he was told to patrol the East Somerville neighborhood of Glen Park at night without his issued [[Sidearm (weapon)|firearm]], night stick, Mace, or communication devices. Moore's name had been written on a barrel in the neighborhood and used for target practice by local youth.<ref name=":4" />

===Contemporary revitalization===

In the last years of the 20th century, the situation in Somerville stabilized and growth returned—first to West Somerville, and then the rest of the city.

Almost thirty years after passenger rail service to Somerville was halted, the [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] Northwest Extension reached [[Davis Square]] in 1984. The city and community used the creation of the new station as a catalyst for revitalizing the faded square, promoting new commercial development and sponsoring other physical and infrastructural improvements. However, when the new transit station opened, business around Davis Square did not immediately thrive. The number of retail stores in the area declined from 68 in 1977 to 56 in 1987.

However many non-retail uses, such as beauty salons and real estate offices, had already begun to fill the empty retail spaces. With the Boston area's emergence from its long recession, the area truly began to revive. Clearly, the community's vision of a rebirth of commercial and retail activity has, in the past few years, been fully realized. All benefit from their proximity to the MBTA station, with connections to Cambridge and Boston. Retail vacancy rates around the square were close to zero as of 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/editorials/2013/02/28/open-boston-somerville-davis-square-offers-model-for-solving-region-housing-woes/Mn37Bv4XyYe1iYca1e5gtL/story.html | title=For answers to housing woes, look to vibrant Davis Square | newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] | date=February 28, 2013 | access-date=February 4, 2015 | author=Staff | archive-date=February 5, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205080529/http://www.bostonglobe.com/editorials/2013/02/28/open-boston-somerville-davis-square-offers-model-for-solving-region-housing-woes/Mn37Bv4XyYe1iYca1e5gtL/story.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The telecommunication and biotechnology booms of the mid-to-late 1990s significantly contributed to Somerville's revitalization. As with the housing boom a century earlier, the sudden increase in the number of jobs available in the cities of Somerville, Boston, and particularly Cambridge—as well as in the other communities immediately surrounding Somerville—led to a new surge in the demand for housing.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/08/us/across-the-us-universities-are-fueling-high-tech-economic-booms.html | title=Across the U.S., Universities Are Fueling High-Tech Economic Booms | work=The New York Times | date=October 8, 1999 | access-date=December 7, 2013 | author=Goldberg, Carey | archive-date=December 22, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222000013/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/08/us/across-the-us-universities-are-fueling-high-tech-economic-booms.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the end of [[rent control]] in Cambridge coincided with the economic recovery in 1995, increasing demand for Somerville's affordable housing options.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.economist.com/node/161526 | title=Rent Control: The morning after | publisher=The Economist Newspaper Limited | newspaper=The Economist | date=April 30, 1998 | access-date=February 4, 2015 | archive-date=February 2, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202234815/http://www.economist.com/node/161526 | url-status=live }}</ref>
The city also had a very high car theft rate, once being the car theft capital of the country, and its Assembly Square area was especially infamous for this.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5511/city-briefs-1.598400 | title=City Briefs: Car theft rate in Somerville down this year | work=Tufts Daily | date=February 15, 2005 | access-date=February 4, 2015 | location=Medford, Mass. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807012718/http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5511/city-briefs-1.598400 | archive-date=August 7, 2011}}</ref>

However, after the [[gentrification]] period the city went through in the 1990s, and an influx of artists to the area, this name has mostly faded from use and the city has instead gained a reputation for its active arts community and effective government, including being named the best-run city in Massachusetts in 2006.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2006/05/14/the_model_city/ | title=The Model City | work=[[Boston.com]] | date=2006-05-14 | access-date=August 13, 2011 | author=Keane Jr., Thomas M. | archive-date=October 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021054718/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2006/05/14/the_model_city/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Nowadays lobbying by grassroots organizations is attempting to revive and preserve Somerville's "small-town" neighborhood environments by supporting local business, public transit and gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nonprofit Groundwork Somerville works to promote a sustainable future |url=https://www.thesomervilletimes.com/archives/129748 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=The Somerville Times |language=en-US |archive-date=March 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331203203/https://www.thesomervilletimes.com/archives/129748 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FY23 Community Project Funding |url=https://pressley.house.gov/fy23-community-project-funding/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Ayanna Pressley |language=en-US |archive-date=March 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331203202/https://pressley.house.gov/fy23-community-project-funding/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For some Somerville residents, some of these efforts, such as the 2022 [[Green Line Extension|Green Line extensions]] into Somerville, present a challenge for balancing accessibility of public transit and the need for affordable housing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacNeill |first=Arianna |title=As the Green Line Extension opens, advocates sound the alarm on gentrification |url=https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2022/03/21/green-line-extension-gentrification/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=www.boston.com |language=en-US |archive-date=March 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331203202/https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2022/03/21/green-line-extension-gentrification/ |url-status=live }}</ref>