Editing Sociolinguistics (section)

== Sociolinguistics in history ==
=== Beginnings ===
The social aspects of language were in the modern sense first studied by Indian and Japanese linguists in the 1930s, and also by [[Louis Gauchat]] in [[Switzerland]] in the early 1900s, but none received much attention in the West until much later. The study of the social motivation of [[language change]], on the other hand, has its foundation in the [[wave model]] of the late 19th century. The first attested use of the term ''sociolinguistics'' was by [[Thomas Callan Hodson]] in the title of his 1939 article "Sociolinguistics in India" published in ''Man in India''.<ref>Paulston, Christine Bratt and G. Richard Tucker, eds. ''Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings''. Malden, Ma.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ss15/papers/paper_details.php?id=304 T. C. Hodson and the Origins of British Socio-linguistics by John E. Joseph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210082008/http://ncl.ac.uk/ss15/papers/paper_details.php?id=304 |date=2009-02-10 }} Sociolinguistics Symposium 15, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, April 2004</ref>

[[Dialectology]] is an old field, and in the early 20th century, dialectologists such as [[Hans Kurath]] and [[Raven I. McDavid Jr.]] initiated large scale surveys of dialect regions in the U.S.

=== Western contributions ===
The study of sociolinguistics in the West was pioneered by linguists such as [[Charles A. Ferguson]] or [[William Labov]] in the US and [[Basil Bernstein]] in the UK. In the 1960s, [[William Alexander Stewart|William Stewart]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=William A |author-link=William Alexander Stewart |editor1-last=Fishman |editor1-first=Joshua A| editor1-link=Joshua A. Fishman |title=Readings in the Sociology of Language |publisher=Mouton |page=534 |chapter=A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism |location=The Hague, Paris |year=1968 |doi=10.1515/9783110805376.531 |isbn=978-3-11-080537-6 |oclc=306499}}</ref> and [[Heinz Kloss]] introduced the basic concepts for the sociolinguistic theory of [[pluricentric language]]s, which describes how [[standard language]] varieties differ between nations, e.g. [[varieties of English|regional varieties of English]] versus [[Pluricentric language#English|pluricentric "English"]];<ref>{{cite book |last=Kloss |first=Heinz |author-link=Heinz Kloss |editor1-last=Göschel |editor1-first=Joachim |editor2-last=Nail |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=van der Elst |editor3-first=Gaston |title=Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung |publisher=F. Steiner |page=310 |chapter=Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen |trans-chapter=Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages |series=Zeitschrift für Dialektologie and Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16 |location=Wiesbaden |year=1976 |oclc=2598722}}</ref> [[Standard German|regional standards of German]] versus [[Standard German#Pluricentricity|pluricentric "German"]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |year=1995 |language=de |title=Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten |trans-title=German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties |location=Berlin & New York |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=1–11 |oclc=33981055}}</ref> [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] versus pluricentric "[[Serbo-Croatian]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Kordić |first=Snježana |author-link=Snježana Kordić |year=2010 |language=sh |title=Jezik i nacionalizam |trans-title=Language and Nationalism |url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf |series=Rotulus Universitas |location=Zagreb |publisher=Durieux |pages=77–90 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3467646 |isbn=978-953-188-311-5 |lccn=2011520778 |oclc=729837512 |ol=15270636W |id={{CROSBI|475567}} |archive-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601175359/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> [[Dell Hymes]], one of the founders of linguistic anthropology, is credited with developing an ethnography-based sociolinguistics and is the founder of the journal ''[[Language in Society]]''. His focus on ethnography and [[communicative competence]] contributed to his development of the [[SPEAKING]] method: an acronym for setting, participants, ends, act sequence, keys, instrumentalities, norms, and genres that is widely recognized as a tool to analyze speech events in their cultural context.