Editing Social control (section)

== History ==
Social control developed together with civilization, as a rational measure against the uncontrollable forces of nature which [[tribe|tribal]] organisations were at prey to within archaic tribal societies.<ref name="D.S. McIntosh">{{cite journal |author=D.S. McIntosh |year=1963 |title=Power and Social Control |journal=The American Political Science Review |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=619–631 |doi=10.2307/1952567 |jstor=1952567 |s2cid=147546364}}</ref> Criminal persecutions first emerged around sixth century B.C. as a form of formal social control in [[Athens]], Greece. The purpose of these persecutions were to check certain groups and protect them from malicious interests.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hagen |first1=John |last2=Jeffery |first2=Leon |date=1977 |title=Rediscovering Delinquency: Social History, Political Ideology and the Sociology of Law. |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=42 |issue=4 |page=588 |doi=10.2307/2094557 |jstor=2094557}}</ref> Historically, [[religion]] also provided an informal moral influence on communities and individuals.<ref>
{{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NE7fykwlOl8C |title=Sociology in Perspective |last2=Kidd |first2=Warren |last3=Koubel |first3=Francine |last4=Barter |first4=John |last5=Hope |first5=Tanya |last6=Kirton |first6=Alison |last7=Madry |first7=Nick |last8=Manning |first8=Paul |last9=Triggs |first9=Karen |date=2000 |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=9780435331603 |series=AQA Series |location=Oxford |page=439 |quote=Briefly, religion [...]  contributes to social control through ideology [...]. [...] Conflict theories such as Marxism and neo-Marxism tend to stress the control functions of religion. Religion is seen as another agent of ideology which performs a similar role to the education system and the mass media. |access-date=4 October 2019}}
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Prior to the wider use of the term "social control", [[Social philosophy|social philosophers]] referred to the concept in early works. In ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]],'' [[Thomas Hobbes]] discusses how the state exerts social order using civil and military power. [[Cesare Beccaria]]'s ''[[On Crimes and Punishments]]'' argues that people will avoid criminal behavior if their acts result in harsher punishment, and that changes in punishment act as a form of social control.<ref name="obo" /> Sociologist [[Émile Durkheim]] also explored social control in the work ''[[The Division of Labour in Society]]'', discussing the paradox of deviance and arguing that social control is what makes us abide by laws in the first place.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Dalton |title=You may ask yourself: An introduction to thinking like a sociologist |date=2017 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. |isbn=978-0-393-61582-1 |edition=Core 5th |page=197}}</ref>

The term "social control" was first introduced to sociology by [[Albion Woodbury Small]] and [[George Edgar Vincent]] in 1894. However, at the time, sociologists only showed sporadic interest in the subject.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hollingshead |first1=A. B. |title=The Concept of Social Control |journal=American Sociological Review |date=April 1941 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=217–224 |doi=10.2307/2085551 |jstor=2085551}}</ref> While the concept of social control has been around since the formation of organized sociology, the meaning has been altered over time. Originally, the concept simply referred to society's ability to regulate itself.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |author=Morris Janowitz |date=Jul 1975 |title=Sociological Theory and Social Control |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=81 |pages=82–108 |doi=10.1086/226035 |jstor=2777055 |s2cid=145167285 |number=1}}</ref> However, in the 1930s, the term took on its more modern meaning of an individual's conversion to [[conformity]].<ref name="jstor.org" /> Academics began to study [[social control theory]] as a separate field in the early 20th century. Within the 20th century, social scientists presumed that religion was still a principal factor of social control.<ref name="R. Stark, W.S. Bainbridge">{{cite book |author=R. Stark |title=Religion, Deviance, and Social Control |author2=W.S. Bainbridge |date=1996 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=9780415915298}}</ref>

In the decades leading up to the end of the 1980s, an increased prevalence of the [[Individualism|individual]] as a feature within society led to new [[List of psychotherapies|psychotherapeutic modalities]], suggesting the use of therapy as a means of social control.<ref>A.V. Horwitz - [https://books.google.com/books?id=97ReBAAAQBAJ&dq=social+control&pg=PT278 text] published by [[Springer Science & Business Media]], June 29th 2013, 290 pages, {{ISBN|148992230X}} , Psychology   [Retrieved 2015-11-28]</ref>