Editing Slavonia (section)

==History==
{{see also|History of Croatia}}
[[File:ZGvucdove.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Vučedol Dove]]]]
The name ''Slavonia'' originated in the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The area was named after the [[Slav]]s who settled there and called themselves *Slověne. The root *Slověn- appeared in various dialects of [[Slavic languages|languages]] spoken by people inhabiting the area west of the [[Sutla]] river, as well as between the [[Sava]] and [[Drava]] rivers—[[South Slavs]] living in the area of the former [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]]. The area bounded by those rivers was called *Slověnьje in the [[Proto-Slavic]] language. The word subsequently evolved to its various present forms in the [[Slavic languages]], and other languages adopted the term.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Migracijske I Etničke Teme|publisher=Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb|issn=1333-2546|volume=19|issue=1|date=March 2003|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=12062|title=Ime Slavonije|language=hr|trans-title=Name of Slavonia|author=Alemko Gluhak|pages=111–117|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>

===Prehistory and antiquity===
{{see also|Prehistoric Croatia|Illyria|Illyricum (Roman province)|Pannonia (Roman province)}}
Remnants of several [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] cultures were found in all regions of Croatia,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=Study of the Neolithic and Eneolithic as reflected in articles published over the 50 years of the journal Opuscula archaeologica|pages=93–122|volume=30|issue=1|date=April 2008|author=Tihomila Težak-Gregl|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=34026}}</ref> but most of the sites are found in the river valleys of northern Croatia, including Slavonia. The most significant cultures whose presence was found include the [[Starčevo culture]] whose finds were discovered near [[Slavonski Brod]] and [[Radiocarbon dating|dated]] to 6100–5200&nbsp;[[Anno Domini|BC]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Prilozi Instituta Za Arheologiju U Zagrebu|publisher=Institute of Archaeology, Zagreb|issn=1330-0644|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=18453|volume=23|issue=1|date=April 2007|title=Novi radiokarbonski datumi rane starčevačke kulture u Hrvatskoj|trans-title=New Radiocarbon Dates for the Early Starčevo Culture in Croatia|language=hr|author1=Kornelija Minichreiter|author2=Ines Krajcar Bronić|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> the [[Vučedol culture]], the [[Baden culture]] and the [[Kostolac culture]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=The Kostolac horizon at Vučedol|pages=25–40|volume=29|issue=1|date=December 2005| first = Jacqueline | last = Balen|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26644}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=Prilog poznavanju neolitičkih obrednih predmeta u neolitiku sjeverne Hrvatske|trans-title=A Contribution to Understanding Neolithic Ritual Objects in the Northern Croatia Neolithic|language= hr|pages=43–48|volume=27|issue=1|date=December 2003|author=Tihomila Težak-Gregl|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=8717}}</ref> Most finds attributed to the Baden and Vučedol cultures are discovered in the area near the right bank of the Danube near [[Vukovar]], [[Vinkovci]] and [[Osijek]]. The Baden culture sites in Slavonia are dated to 3600–3300&nbsp;BC,<ref name="Heritage-Baden">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=75|title=Badenska kultura|trans-title=Baden culture|language=hr|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> and Vučedol culture finds are dated to 3000–2500&nbsp;BC.<ref name="Heritage-Vučedol">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=8 |title=Vučedolska kultura|trans-title=Vučedol culture|language=hr|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> The [[Iron Age]] left traces of the early [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] [[Hallstatt culture]] and the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[La Tène culture]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Prilozi Instituta Za Arheologiju U Zagrebu|publisher=Institut za arheologiju|issn=1330-0644|volume=19|issue=1|date=July 2002|trans-title=A Contribution to Understanding Continuous Habitation of Vinkovci and its Surroundings in the Early Iron Age|title=Prilog poznavanju naseljenosti Vinkovaca i okolice u starijem željeznom dobu|language=hr|pages=79–100|author1=Hrvoje Potrebica|author2=Marko Dizdar|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=1560|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> Much later, the region was settled by Illyrians and other tribes, including the [[Pannonii|Pannonians]], who controlled much of present-day Slavonia. Even though archaeological finds of Illyrian settlements are much sparser than in areas closer to the [[Adriatic Sea]], significant discoveries, for instance in [[Kaptol, Požega-Slavonia County|Kaptol]] near [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]] have been made.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C|author=John Wilkes|title=The Illyrians|year=1995|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-631-19807-9|page=57|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> The Pannonians first came into contact with the [[Roman Republic]] in 35 BC, when the Romans conquered Segestica, or modern-day [[Sisak]]. The conquest was completed in 11 BC, when the [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Roman province of Illyricum]] was established, encompassing modern-day Slavonia as well as a vast territory on the right bank of Danube. The province was renamed Pannonia and divided within two decades.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L49AAAAIAAJ|title=Pannonia and Upper Moesia|author=András Mócsy|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn= 978-0-7100-7714-1|year=1974|access-date=11 March 2012|pages=32–39}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{see also|Pannonian Slavs#Principality|Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)|Croatia in personal union with Hungary}}
[[File:Medieval pozega.jpg|thumb|left|Medieval [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]]]]
After the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]], which included the territory occupied by modern-day Slavonia, the area became a part of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] by the end of the 5th century. However, control of the area proved a significant task, and [[Lombards]] were given increasing control of Pannonia in the 6th century, which ended in their withdrawal in 568 and the arrival of [[Pannonian Avars]] and Slavs, who established control of Pannonia by the year 582.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC|title=Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia|author=Danijel Dzino|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18646-0|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> After the fall of the Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century, in [[Pannonian Slavs#Principality|Lower Pannonia there was a principality]], governed by Slavic rulers who were vassals of [[Francia|Francs]]. The [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|invasion of the Hungarian tribes]] overwhelmed this state. The eastern part of Slavonia in the 9th century may have been ruled by [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgars]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alimov |first1=D. E. |script-title=ru:Этногенез хорватов: формирование хорватской этнополитической общности в VII–IX вв. |title=Etnogenez khorvatov: formirovaniye khorvatskoy etnopoliticheskoy obshchnosti v VII–IX vv. |trans-title=Ethnogenesis of Croats: the formation of the Croatian ethnopolitical community in the 7th – 9th centuries |language=ru |date=2016 |publisher=Нестор-История |location=St. Petersburg |isbn=978-5-4469-0970-4 |pages=303–305 |url=https://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksRu/D_Alimov_Ethnogenesis_of_the_Croats.pdf |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091547/https://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksRu/D_Alimov_Ethnogenesis_of_the_Croats.pdf  }}</ref> The first king of Croatia [[Tomislav I of Croatia|Tomislav]] defeated Hungarian and [[Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 926|Bulgarian invasions]] and spread the influence of Croatian kings northward to Slavonia.<ref name="Posavec">{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest|volume=30|issue=1|issn=0353-295X|pages=281–290|title=Povijesni zemljovidi i granice Hrvatske u Tomislavovo doba|trans-title=Historical maps and borders of Croatia in age of Tomislav|language=hr|author=Vladimir Posavec|date=March 1998|access-date=16 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=62779}}</ref> The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of [[Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia|Petar Krešimir IV]] (1058–1074) and [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Dmitar Zvonimir]] (1075–1089).<ref name="Margetić">{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest|volume=29|issue=1|issn=0353-295X|pages=11–20|title=Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae u doba Stjepana II.|trans-title=Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae in age of Stjepan II|language=hr|author=Lujo Margetić|date=January 1997|access-date=16 October 2011|url= http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76963}}</ref> When [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stjepan II]] died in 1091, ending the [[House of Trpimirović|Trpimirović]] dynasty, [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] claimed the Croatian crown. Opposition to the claim led to a [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain|war]] and [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|personal union of Croatia and Hungary]] in 1102, ruled by [[Coloman of Hungary|Coloman]].<ref name="HR-HU-Heka">{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|issn=1332-4853|publisher=Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje|title= Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|author= Ladislav Heka|date=October 2008|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–173|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> In the 2nd half of the 12th century, Croatia and the territory between the Drava and the Sava were governed by the [[Ban of Slavonia|ban of all Slavonia]], appointed by the king. From the 13th century, a separate ban governed parts of present-day [[central Croatia]], western Slavonia, and northwestern [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], an area where a new entity emerged named Kingdom of Slavonia ({{langx|la|regnum Sclavoniae}}), while modern-day eastern Slavonia was a part of Hungary. Croatia and Slavonia were in 1476 united under the same [[Ban of Croatia|ban]] ([[viceroy]]), but kept separate parliaments until 1558.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Slavonija |encyclopedia=Croatian Encyclopedia |year=2021 |publisher=Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/slavonija |access-date=5 April 2021 }}</ref>
[[File:Croatia 15th century map.png|thumb|230px|Map of Slavonia in the 15th century]]
The [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Ottoman conquests in Croatia]] led to the 1493 [[Battle of Krbava field]] and 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]], both ending in decisive Ottoman victories. King [[Louis II of Hungary]] died at Mohács, and [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of the [[House of Habsburg]] was [[1527 election in Cetin|elected in 1527]] as the new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he provide protection to Croatia against the Ottoman Empire, while respecting its political rights.<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404|title=Povijest saborovanja|trans-title=History of parliamentarism|language=hr|publisher=[[Sabor]]|access-date=18 October 2010|archive-date=28 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428013806/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404}}</ref><ref name="frucht422">Frucht 2005, p. 422-423</ref> The period saw the rise to prominence of a native nobility such as the [[Frankopan]]s and the [[Šubić]]s, and ultimately to numerous [[Ban (title)|bans]] from the two families.<ref name="Font">{{cite journal|journal=Povijesni prilozi|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=13778|issn=0351-9767|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|date=July 2005|volume=28|issue=28|pages=7–22|author=Márta Font|title=Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku|language=hr|trans-title=Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> The present coat of arms of Slavonia, used in an official capacity as a part of the [[coat of arms of Croatia]],<ref name="Arms-Act">{{cite news|newspaper=Narodne Novine|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/253505.html|language=hr|title=Zakon o grbu, zastavi i himni Republike Hrvatske te zastavi i lenti predsjednika Republike Hrvatske|trans-title=Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem of the Republic of Croatia, Flag and Sash of the President of the Republic of Croatia Act|date=21 December 1990|access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref> dates from this period—it was granted to Slavonia by king [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislaus II Jagiellon]] on 8 December 1496.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Osijek-Baranja County]]|url=http://www.obz.hr/hr/pdf/znamenjaWEB.pdf|title=The symbols of Osijek-Baranja County|page=44|year=2003|author=Davor Brunčić|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>

===Ottoman conquest===
[[File:Luka Ibrisimovic-Sokol.jpg|thumb|140px|upright|right|[[Luka Ibrišimović]] led a revolt against Ottomans in Požega.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute]]|work=Hrvatski Biografski Leksikon|title=Ibrišimović, Luka|language=hr|trans-title=Ibrišimović, Luka|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=96|year=2005|author=Franjo Emanuel Hoško|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>]]
{{main|Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Sanjak of Pojega|Great Turkish War}}
Following the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans expanded their possessions in Slavonia seizing [[Đakovo]] in 1536 and Požega in 1537, defeating a Habsburg army led by [[Johann Katzianer]], who was attempting to retake Slavonia, at [[Gorjani, Croatia|Gorjani]] in September 1537. By 1540, Osijek was also under firm control of the Ottomans, and regular administration in Slavonia was introduced by establishing the [[Sanjak of Pojega]]. The Ottoman control in Slavonia expanded as [[Novska]] surrendered the same year. Turkish conquest continued—[[Našice]] were seized in 1541, [[Orahovica]] and [[Slatina, Croatia|Slatina]] in 1542, and in 1543, [[Voćin]], [[Sirač]] and, after a 40-day siege, [[Valpovo]]. In 1544, Ottoman forces conquered [[Pakrac]]. Lessening hostilities brought about a five-year truce in 1547 and temporary stabilization of the border between Habsburg and Ottoman empires, with [[Virovitica]] becoming the most significant defensive Habsburg fortress and Požega the most significant Ottoman centre in Slavonia, as Ottoman advances to Sisak and [[Čazma]] were made, including a brief occupation of the cities. Further westward efforts of the Turkish forces presented a significant threat to [[Zagreb]] and the rest of Croatia and the Hungarian kingdom, prompting a greater defensive commitment by the Habsburg Monarchy. One year after the 1547 truce ended, [[Ivan Lenković]] devised a system of fortifications and troops in the border areas, a forerunner of the [[Croatian Military Frontier]]. Nonetheless, in 1552, the Ottoman conquest of Slavonia was completed when Virovitica was captured.<ref name="Mujadžević">{{cite journal|journal=Povijesni prilozi|publisher=Croatian History Institute|issn=0351-9767|title=Osmanska osvajanja u Slavoniji 1552. u svjetlu osmanskih arhivskih izvora|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=63160|trans-title=The 1552 Ottoman invasions in Slavonia according to the Ottoman archival sources|volume=36|issue=36|date=July 2009|author=Dino Mujadžević|pages=89–107|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> Ottoman advances in the Croatian territory continued until the 1593 [[Battle of Sisak]], the first decisive Ottoman defeat, and a more lasting stabilisation of the frontier. During the [[Great Turkish War]] (1683–1698), Slavonia was regained in between 1684 and 1691 when the Ottomans abandoned the region—unlike western [[Bosnia]], which had been part of Croatia before the [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia|Ottoman conquest]].<ref name="frucht422"/> The present-day southern border of Slavonia and the border between Croatia and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] is a remnant of this outcome.<ref name=Lane409>Lane (1973), p. 409</ref><ref name="Blagojević">{{cite journal|journal=Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci|publisher=[[University of Rijeka]]|issn=1846-8314|title=Zemljopisno, povijesno, upravno i pravno određenje istočne Hrvatske – korijeni suvremenog regionalizma|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=63800|trans-title=Geographical, historical, administrative and legal determination of the eastern Croatia – the roots of modern regionalism|volume=29|issue=2|date=December 2008|author=Anita Blagojević|pages=1149–1180|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>

The [[Croatian–Ottoman Wars|Ottoman wars]] instigated great demographic changes. Croats migrated towards [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and the present-day [[Burgenland Croats]] are direct descendants of these settlers.<ref name="BurgenlandCro">{{cite web|publisher=Croatian Cultural Association in Burgenland|url=http://www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr|language=hr|title=Povijest Gradišćanskih Hrvatov|trans-title=History of Burgenland Croats|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=14 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132821/http://www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr}}</ref> The Muslim population in Slavonia at the end of Turkish rule accounted for almost half of Slavonia's population who was indigenous, primarily Croats, less immigrants from Bosnia and Serbia and rarely genuine Turks or Arabs.<ref>Nihad Kulenović, 2016, Cross border cooperation between Baranja and Tuzla Region, http://baza.gskos.hr/Graniceidentiteti.pdf #page=234</ref> In the second half of the 16th century Vlachs from Slavonia were no longer an exclusive part of population because the Vlach privileges were attractive for many non-Vlachs who mixed with the Vlachs in order to get their status.<ref>
{{Cite book |last=Kaser |first=Karl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqR0PgAACAAJ |title=Slobodan seljak i vojnik: Rana krajiška društva, 1545-1754 |date=1997 |publisher=Naprijed |isbn=978-953-178-064-3 |language=en}}</ref> To replace the fleeing Croats, the Habsburgs called on the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] populations of [[Bosnia]] and [[Serbia]] to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier. Serb migration into this region peaked during the [[Great Serb Migrations]] of 1690 and 1737–39.<ref name="Indiana University Press">{{cite book|author1=[[John R. Lampe]]|author2=Marvin R. Jackson|title=Balkan economic history, 1550–1950: from imperial borderlands to developing nations|page= 62|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=1982|isbn=978-0-253-30368-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtW2axOSn10C|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> The greatest Serb concentrations were in the eastern Slavonia, and [[Sremski Karlovci]] became the see of Serbian Orthodox metropolitans.<ref name="Banac2015">{{cite book|author=Ivo Banac|title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf6tDwAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-0194-8|page=38}}</ref> Part of the colonists came to Slavonia from area south of the [[Sava]], especially from the [[Tuzla|Soli]] and [[Usora Municipality|Usora]] areas, continuing the process which already started after 1521. At beginning of the 17th century it seems that there was a new wave of colonization, about 10,000 families which are assumed to come from [[Sanjak of Klis]] or with less possibility from area of [[Sanjak of Bosnia]].<ref>Nenad Moačanin, 2003, Požega i Požeština u sklopu Osmanlijskoga carstva : (1537.-1691.),{1555. svi obveznici "klasičnih" rajinskih dažbina u Srijemu i Slavoniji nazvani su "vlasima", što uključuje ne samo starosjedilačko hrvatsko pučanstvo nego i Mađare!), Neki su se dakle starosjedioci vraćali, a dijelom su kolonisti sa statusom koji je imao nekih sličnosti s vlaškim (a da sami nisu nužno bili ni porijeklom Vlasi) dolazili iz prekosavskih krajeva, posebice s područja Soli i Usore, nastavljajući tako proces započet već nakon 1521. Ako bi se ta pojava mogla povezati s preseljenjem, uglavnom u Podunavlje, 10 000 obitelji iz Kliskog sandžaka nakon pobune (1604?)98, i ako je prihvatljivo da ih se dosta naselilo i oko Požege, onda bismo možda mogli djelomice tumačiti bune i hajdučiju u to vrijeme dolaskom "buntovnijeg" pučanstva. Novo je stanovništvo moglo doći i s područja Bosanskog sandžaka, ali za sada se "kliska" pretpostavka čini nešto sigurnijom} http://baza.gskos.hr/cgi-bin/unilib.cgi?form=D1430506006 #page=35,40,80</ref>

===Habsburg Monarchy and Austria-Hungary===
{{Main|Kingdom of Slavonia|Triune Kingdom of Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Austria-Hungary}}
[[File:Dvorac Pejačević. Našice.jpg|thumb|left|[[House of Pejačević|Pejačević]] manor in [[Našice]]]]
The areas acquired through the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] were assigned to Croatia, itself in the union with Hungary and the union ruled by the Habsburgs. The border area along the [[Una (Sava)|Una]], Sava and Danube rivers became the [[Slavonian Military Frontier]]. At this time, Osijek took over the role of the administrative and military centre of the newly formed [[Kingdom of Slavonia]] from Požega.<ref name="Blagojević"/> The 1830s and 1840s saw [[romantic nationalism]] inspire the [[Illyrian movement|Croatian National Revival]], a political and cultural campaign advocating unity of all South Slavs in the empire. Its primary focus was the establishment of a standard language as a counterweight to [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], along with the promotion of Croatian literature and culture.<ref name="CRIS-Stančić">{{cite journal|journal=Cris: časopis Povijesnog društva Križevci|issn=1332-2567|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=80164|author=Nikša Stančić|title=Hrvatski narodni preporod – ciljevi i ostvarenja|trans-title=Croatian National Revival – goals and achievements|pages=6–17|volume=10|issue=1|date=February 2009|access-date=7 October 2011|language=hr}}</ref> During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] Croatia sided with the Austrians, Ban [[Josip Jelačić]] helping to defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849, and ushering in a period of [[Germanization]] policy.<ref name="Ante Čuvalo 2008 13–27">{{cite journal|journal=Review of Croatian History|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|issn=1845-4380|volume=4|issue=1|date=December 2008|author=Ante Čuvalo|title=Josip Jelačić – Ban of Croatia|pages=13–27|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=77559|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> By the 1860s, failure of the policy became apparent, leading to the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] and creation of a [[personal union]] between the crowns of the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. The treaty left the issue of Croatia's status to Hungary as a part of [[Transleithania]]—and the status was resolved by the [[Croatian–Hungarian Settlement]] of 1868, when the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united as the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm|title=Constitution of Union between Croatia-Slavonia and Hungary|publisher=H-net.org|access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> After [[Austria-Hungary]] occupied [[Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] following the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|1878 Treaty of Berlin]], the Military Frontiers were abolished and the Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier territory returned to Croatia-Slavonia in 1881,<ref name="frucht422"/> pursuant to provisions of the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci|issn=1330-349X|publisher=[[University of Rijeka]]|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=39787|author=Ladislav Heka|title=Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba u zrcalu tiska|language=hr|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian compromise in light of press clips|volume=28|issue=2|date=December 2007|access-date=10 April 2012|pages=931–971}}</ref><ref name="Dubravica">{{cite journal|journal=Politička Misao|issn=0032-3241|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Political Sciences|title=Političko-teritorijalna podjela i opseg civilne Hrvatske u godinama sjedinjenja s vojnom Hrvatskom 1871.-1886.|trans-title=Political and territorial division and scope of civilian Croatia in period of unification with the Croatian military frontier 1871–1886|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=38709&lang=en|author=Branko Dubravica|pages=159–172|volume=38|issue=3|date=January 2002|access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> At that time, the easternmost point of Croatia-Slavonia became [[Zemun]], as all of [[Syrmia]] was encompassed by the kingdom.<ref name="Blagojević"/>

===Kingdom of Yugoslavia and World War II===
[[File:St. Peter's Cathedral, Dakovo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Đakovo Cathedral|Cathedral of St. Peter in Đakovo, a distinctive symbol of Slavonia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://getbybus.com/en/blog/slavonia-round-trip/|title=Slavonia Round Trip|publisher=Get-by-bus|access-date=2 April 2011}}</ref>]]
{{see also|Creation of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Banovina of Croatia|World War II in Yugoslavia|Independent State of Croatia}}
On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor declared independence and decided to join the newly formed [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]],<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja"/> which in turn entered into union with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] on 4 December 1918 to form the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]].<ref>{{cite book|title=World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1|author1=Spencer Tucker|author2=Priscilla Mary Roberts|isbn=978-1-85109-420-2|page=1286|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Trianon]] was signed in 1920, at the end of [[World War I]], between the [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Hungary]] as one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.<ref name="Craig66">{{cite book |last=Craig |first=G.A. |title=Europe since 1914 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York |year=1966}}</ref> The treaty established the southern border of Hungary along the Drava and [[Mur (river)|Mura]] rivers, except in [[Baranya (former county)|Baranya]], where only the northern part of the county was kept by Hungary.<ref name=Columbia>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Trianon, Treaty of|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html|encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]] |year=2009}}</ref><ref name="encyclopedia of ww1">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World War I|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|year=2005|edition=1|page=1183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1183 |quote=Virtually the entire population of what remained of Hungary regarded the Treaty of Trianon as manifestly unfair, and agitation for revision began immediately.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-420-2}}</ref> The territorial acquisition in Baranya was not made a part of Slavonia, even though adjacent to Osijek, because pre-1918 administrative divisions were disestablished by the new kingdom.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|publisher=Croatian Institute of History – Slavonia, Syrmium and Baranya history branch|issn=1332-4853|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=31497|volume=3|issue=1|date=November 2003|title=Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923. godine|language=hr|trans-title=Parliamentary Elections in the Brod District in 1932|access-date=17 October 2011|pages=452–470}}</ref> The political situation in the new kingdom deteriorated, leading to the [[dictatorship]] of King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander]] in January 1929.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru|publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]|issn=1330-0474|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74560|pages=203–218|issue=51|date=November 2009|author=Zlatko Begonja|title=Ivan Pernar o hrvatsko-srpskim odnosima nakon atentata u Beogradu 1928. godine|language=hr|trans-title=Ivan Pernar on Croatian-Serbian relations after 1928 Belgrade assassination|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution transferring executive power to the king, and changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yugoslavia's Ruin: The Bloody lessons of nationalism, a patriot's warning|author=Cvijeto Job|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-1784-4|page=9|year=2002|access-date=27 October 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH3Hz2AXonwC}}</ref> The [[Cvetković–Maček Agreement]] of August 1939 created the autonomous [[Banovina of Croatia]] incorporating Slavonia. Pursuant to the agreement, the Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed 'Ban'.<ref name="Klemencic-Zagar-121-123">Klemenčić, Žagar 2004, p. 121–123</ref>

In April 1941, [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia was occupied]] by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. Following the invasion the territory of Slavonia was incorporated into the [[Independent State of Croatia]], a Nazi-backed [[puppet state]] and assigned as a zone under German occupation for the duration of [[World War II]]. The regime introduced [[Antisemitism|anti-semitic]] laws and conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing and [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide against Serb]] and [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]] populations,<ref name="Klemencic-Zagar-153-156">Klemenčić, Žagar 2004, p. 153–156</ref> exemplified by the [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]] and [[Stara Gradiška concentration camp|Stara Gradiška]] concentration camps,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Arhivski vjesnik|publisher=[[Croatian State Archives]]|issn=0570-9008|date=November 1996|issue=39|author=Josip Kolanović|pages=157–174|title=Holocaust in Croatia – Documentation and research perspectives|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=97652|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> but to a much lesser extent in Slavonia than in other regions, due to strategic interests of the Axis in keeping peace in the area.<ref name=Jelic>{{cite book|last=Jelić Butić|first=Fikreta|title=Četnici u Hrvatskoj, 1941-1945|trans-title=Chetniks in Croatia, 1941-1945|publisher=Globus|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tB8gAAAAMAAJ|page=101|isbn=978-86-343-0010-9}}</ref> The largest [[Voćin massacre (1942)|massacre]] occurred in 1942 in [[Voćin]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Škiljan|first=Filip|title=Organizirana prisilna iseljavanja Srba iz NDH|location=Zagreb|publisher=Srpsko narodno vijeće|year=2014|url=https://snv.hr/file/attachment/file/skiljan.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092615/https://snv.hr/file/attachment/file/skiljan.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2018|isbn=978-953-7442-13-2}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2020}}

Armed resistance soon developed in the region, and by 1942, the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] controlled substantial territories, especially in mountainous parts of Slavonia.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal – Institute of Croatian History|publisher=Institute of Croatian History, Faculty of Philosophy Zagreb|issn=0353-295X|title=Obrazovanje i odgoj mlade generacije i odraslih u Slavoniji za vrijeme NOB|language=hr|trans-title=Education and schooling of youths and adults in Slavonia during the World War II|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=75609&lang=en|author=Mihajlo Ogrizović|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 1972|pages=287–327|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> The Serbian royalist [[Chetniks]], who carried out [[Chetnik war crimes in World War II|genocide against Croat]] civilian population,<ref name="Klemencic-Zagar-184">Klemenčić, Žagar 2004, p. 184</ref> struggled to establish a significant presence in Slavonia throughout the war.<ref name=Jelic/> Partisans led by [[Josip Broz Tito]] took full control of Slavonia in April 1945.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Review of Senj|publisher=City Museum Senj – Senj Museum Society|issn=0582-673X|language=hr|title=Prilog istraživanju problema Bleiburga i križnih putova (u povodu 60. obljetnice)|trans-title=An addition to the research of the problem of Bleiburg and way of the cross (dedicated to their 60th anniversary)|volume=32|issue=1|date=December 2005|pages=117–193|author=Zdravko Dizdar}}</ref> After the war, the new Yugoslav government interned local [[Germans of Croatia|Germans]] in camps in Slavonia, the largest of which were in [[Valpovo work camp|Valpovo]] and Krndija, where many died of hunger and diseases.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Geiger|first=Vladimir|journal=Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest|volume=38|issue=3|date=2006|title=Logori za folksdojčere u Hrvatskoj nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata 1945-1947.|trans-title=Camps for Volksdeutsch in Croatia after the Second World War, 1945 to 1947|pages=1098, 1100|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/8377}}</ref>

===Federal Yugoslavia and the independence of Croatia===
{{see also|Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatian War of Independence}}
[[File:Mailath Castle in Donji Miholjac (3).jpg |thumb|left|Castle Mailáth, [[Donji Miholjac]].]]
After World War II, Croatia—including Slavonia—became a [[single-party]] [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Socialist federal unit]] of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], ruled by the [[League of Communists of Croatia|Communists]], but enjoying a degree of autonomy within the federation. The autonomy effectively increased after the [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution]], basically fulfilling a goal of the [[Croatian Spring]] movement, and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.<ref name="Rich">{{cite journal|author=Roland Rich|title=Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union|journal=European Journal of International Law|year=1993|issue=1|volume=4|pages=36–65|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035834|url=http://www.ejil.org/article.php?article=1207&issue=67|access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> In 1947, when all borders of the former Yugoslav constituent republics had been defined by demarcation commissions, pursuant to decisions of the [[AVNOJ]] of 1943 and 1945, the federal organization of ''Yugoslav Baranya'' was defined as Croatian territory allowing its integration with Slavonia. The commissions also set up the present-day {{convert|317.6|km|adj=on}} border between Serbia and Croatia in Syrmia, and along the [[Danube]] River between [[Ilok]] and mouth of the Drava and further north to the Hungarian border, the section south of confluence of the Drava matching the border between the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] and the [[Bács-Bodrog County]] that existed until 1918 and the end of World War I.<ref name="Kraljević-Razgraničenje-1947">{{cite journal|author=Egon Kraljević|publisher=[[Croatian State Archives]]|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=41791|language=hr|title=Prilog za povijest uprave: Komisija za razgraničenje pri Predsjedništvu Vlade Narodne Republike Hrvatske 1945.-1946|trans-title=Contribution to the history of public administration: commission for the boundary demarcation at the government's presidency of the People's Republic of Croatia, 1945–1946 (English language summary title)|date=November 2007|journal=Arhivski vjesnik|volume=50|issue=50|issn=0570-9008|access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref>

The [[1964 Slavonia earthquake]] caused widespread devastation and several human casualties. A large area of the region entered a period of several years of reconstruction afterwards.{{sfn|Josipović Batorek|2013|p=195}}

In the 1980s the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian [[Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts|SANU Memorandum]] and the [[1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro]].<ref name="frucht433">Frucht 2005, p. 433</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7D9123FF931A25752C0A96F948260&scp=2&sq=Titograd&st=nyt|title=Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 January 1989|access-date=7 February 2010|archive-date=6 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106113747/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html}}</ref> In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian [[Political faction|faction]] demanding a looser federation.<ref name="Pauković-14Congress-2009">{{cite journal|author=Davor Pauković|publisher=Centar za politološka istraživanja|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=55640|language=hr|title=Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada|trans-title=Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia: Causes, Consequences and Course of Dissolution|date=1 June 2008|journal=Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–33|issn=1847-2397|access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> In the same year, the [[Croatian parliamentary election, 1990|first multi-party elections]] were held in Croatia, with [[Franjo Tuđman]]'s win raising nationalist tensions further.<ref name="Independent-Tuđman-Obituary">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html|title=Obituary: Franjo Tudjman|author=Branka Magas|date=13 December 1999|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=10 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110024351/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html}}</ref> The [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs in Croatia]], intent on achieving independence from Croatia, left the Sabor and declared the autonomy of areas that would soon become the unrecognized self-declared [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] (RSK).<ref name="NYTimes-Autonomy-AUG1990">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html|author=[[Chuck Sudetic]]|title=Croatia's Serbs Declare Their Autonomy|date=2 October 1990|access-date=11 December 2010|archive-date=12 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112065457/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html}}</ref><ref name="EE-CIS-book">{{cite book|title=Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC|pages=272–278|isbn=978-1-85743-058-5|year=1998|publisher=[[Routledge]]|access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> As tensions rose, Croatia [[Croatian independence referendum, 1991|declared independence]] in June 1991; however the declaration came into effect on 8 October 1991.<ref name="NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html|title=2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands|author=Chuck Sudetic|date=26 June 1991|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162855/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html|archive-date=10 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sabor-Independence-8Oct1991">{{cite web|work=Official web site of the Parliament of Croatia|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462|title=Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia|date=7 October 2004|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021206/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462}}</ref> Tensions escalated into the [[Croatian War of Independence]] when the [[Yugoslav National Army]] and various Serb [[Paramilitary|paramilitaries]] attacked Croatia.<ref name="NYTimes-Otkos10">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html?ref=croatia|title=Army Rushes to Take a Croatian Town|author=[[Chuck Sudetic]]|date=4 November 1991|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729183641/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html}}</ref> By the end of 1991, a high intensity war fought along a wide front reduced Croatia to controlling about two-thirds of its territory.<ref name="NYTimes-Iceland">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html|title=Croatia Clashes Rise; Mediators Pessimistic|date=19 December 1991|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=15 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115174401/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-OccupiedPct-1Aug91">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-01-mn-177-story.html|title=Serbian Forces Press Fight for Major Chunk of Croatia|author=[[Charles T. Powers]]|date=1 August 1991|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=16 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516054837/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force}}</ref>

[[File:Vukovar Memorial Cemetery, 20150429160343.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vukovar]] memorial cemetery]]
In Slavonia, the first armed conflicts were clashes in [[Pakrac clash|Pakrac]],<ref name="NYTimes-Pakrac-3Mar1991">{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/world/belgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html?ref=croatia | author= Stephen Engelberg | title = Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town | date = 3 March 1991 | access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Pakrac-4Mar1991">{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/04/world/serb-croat-showdown-in-one-village-square.html?ref=croatia | title = Serb-Croat Showdown in One Village Square | author= Stephen Engelberg | date = 4 March 1991 | access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> and [[Borovo Selo killings|Borovo Selo]] near Vukovar.<ref name="NYTimes-Borovo-5May1991">{{cite news | newspaper= The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/world/one-more-dead-as-clashes-continue-in-yugoslavia.html?ref=croatia | title = One More Dead as Clashes Continue in Yugoslavia | author= Stephen Engelberg | date =5 May 1991 | access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="WarInBalkans-CraigNation-105">Nation 2004, p. 5.</ref> [[SAO Western Slavonia|Western Slavonia was occupied]] in August 1991, following an advance by the [[Yugoslav People's Army|Yugoslav forces]] north from [[Banja Luka]] across the Sava River.<ref name="Bjelajac-Žunec-245">{{cite book | editor1-first= Charles W. | editor1-last= Ingrao | editor2-first= Thomas Allan | editor2-last= Emmert | title= Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: a Scholars' Initiative | year= 2009 | publisher= [[Purdue University Press]] | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=t0nYdgFrdG8C | isbn=978-1-55753-533-7 | chapter= The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 | last1= Bjelajac | first1= Mile | last2= Žunec | first2= Ozren | first3= Mieczyslaw |last3=Boduszynski|first4=Raphael|last4=Draschtak|first5=Igor|last5=Graovac|first6=Sally|last6=Kent|first7= Rüdiger|last7=Malli|first8=Srdja|last8=Pavlović|first9=Jason|last9=Vuić | chapter-url= http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/history/facstaff/Ingrao/si/Team_7_Full_Text_Report.pdf|page=245|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> This was partially pushed back by the [[Croatian Army]] in operations named [[Operation Otkos 10|Otkos 10]],<ref name="NYTimes-Otkos10"/> and [[Operation Orkan 91|Orkan 91]], which established a front line around [[Okučani]] and south of Pakrac that would hold virtually unchanged for more than three years until [[Operation Flash]] in May 1995.<ref name="NYTimes-Flash-May2">{{cite news | newspaper= The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/02/world/croatia-hits-area-rebel-serbs-hold-crossing-un-lines.html?ref=croatia | title = CROATIA HITS AREA REBEL SERBS HOLD, CROSSING U.N. LINES | author= Roger Cohen | author-link= Roger Cohen | date = 2 May 1995 | access-date=18 December 2010}}</ref> Armed conflict in the [[SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia|eastern Slavonia]], culminating in the [[Battle of Vukovar]] and a subsequent [[Vukovar massacre|massacre]],<ref name="NYT-Vukovar-Captured">{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/18/world/croats-concede-danube-town-s-loss.html?ref=croatia | title = Croats Concede Danube Town's Loss | author= Chuck Sudetic | author-link= Chuck Sudetic | date =18 November 1991 | access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Independent-Vukovar-Massacre">{{cite news | newspaper = The Independent | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/croats-bury-victims-of-vukovar-massacre-1168387.html | title = Croats bury victims of Vukovar massacre | author= Eugene Brcic | date =29 June 1998 | access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref> also included heavy fighting and the successful defence of Osijek and Vinkovci. The front line stabilized and a ceasefire was agreed to on 2 January 1992, coming into force the next day.<ref name="NYTimes-Jan3-Ceasefire">{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/03/world/yugoslav-factions-agree-to-un-plan-to-halt-civil-war.html?ref=croatia | title = Yugoslav Factions Agree to U.N. Plan to Halt Civil War | author= Chuck Sudetic | author-link= Chuck Sudetic | date = 3 January 1992 | access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> After the ceasefire, [[United Nations Protection Force]] was deployed to the occupied areas,<ref name="UN-deployment-29Jan91">{{cite news | url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-29-mn-906-story.html |title= Roadblock Stalls U.N.'s Yugoslavia Deployment | newspaper= Los Angeles Times | author= Carol J. Williams | date= 29 January 1992 | access-date =16 December 2010}}</ref> but intermittent artillery and rocket attacks, launched from [[Republika Srpska|Serb-held areas of Bosnia]], continued in several areas of Slavonia, especially in Slavonski Brod and [[Županja]].<ref name="SlavonskiBrod-Bombardment">{{cite journal | author= Antun Jelić | publisher = [[BMJ Group]] | title= Child casualties in a Croatian community during the 1991-2 war |date=December 1994 | journal= Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 540–2 | pmc= 1030096 | issn= 0003-9888 | pmid=7726618 | doi=10.1136/adc.71.6.540}}</ref><ref name="Hrvatsko kulturno vijeće">{{cite web| url=http://hakave.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5652:strah-od-istine&catid=44:prilozi-graana&Itemid=82 | publisher= Hrvatsko kulturno vijeće | title= Strah od istine |trans-title=Fear of the Truth | language= hr | author= Zdravko Tomac | author-link= Zdravko Tomac | date=15 January 2010 | access-date=7 February 2010 | work= Portal of Croatian Cultural Council}}</ref> The war effectively ended in 1995 with Croatia achieving a [[Operation Storm|decisive victory]] over the RSK in August 1995.<ref name="LATimes-Storm-Complete">{{cite news|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-08-mn-32662-story.html|title=Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz|author=Dean E. Murphy|date=8 August 1995|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=12 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012140454/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees}}</ref> The remaining occupied areas—eastern Slavonia—were restored to Croatia pursuant to the [[Erdut Agreement]] of November 1995, with the process concluded in mid-January 1998.<ref name="NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html|title=An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia|author=[[Chris Hedges]]|date=16 January 1998|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518201803/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html?ref=croatia}}</ref>

After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated [[Areas of Special State Concern (Croatia)|Areas of Special State Concern]].