Editing Singapore (section)

== Name and etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Singapore}}
The [[English language|English]] name of "Singapore" is an [[anglicisation]] of the native [[Malay language|Malay]] name for the country, {{lang|ms|Singapura}} ({{IPA|ms|siŋapura|audio|LL-Q9237 (msa)-Noaius Paticus-Singapura.wav}}), which was in turn derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word for 'lion city' ({{langx|sa|सिंहपुर}}; <small>[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|romanised:]]</small> {{lang|sa-Latn|Siṃhapura}}; [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]: {{lang|sa-Brah|𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀳𑀧𑀼𑀭}}; literally "lion city"; {{wikt-lang|sa|सिंह|siṃha|script=Latn}} means 'lion', {{wikt-lang|sa|पुर|pura|script-Latn}} means 'city' or 'fortress').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/46/S0424600.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010411060419/http://www.bartleby.com/61/46/S0424600.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2001 |title=Singapore |publisher=Bartleby |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> [[Singapore Island|Pulau Ujong]] was one of the earliest references to Singapore Island, which corresponds to a Chinese account from the third century referred to a place as ''[[Pulau Ujong|Pú Luó Zhōng]]'' ({{zh|c=[[wikt:蒲|蒲]] [[wikt:羅|羅]] [[wikt:中|中]]}}), a transcription of the [[Malay language|Malay]] name for 'island at the end of [[Malay Peninsula|a peninsula]]'.<ref name="utexas">{{cite web |title=Singapore: History, Singapore 1994 |url=http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/singapore/Singapore-History.html |publisher=Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323095958/http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/Singapore/Singapore-History.html |archive-date=23 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Early references to the name [[Temasek]] (or Tumasik) are found in the [[Nagarakretagama]], a [[Java (island)|Javanese]] [[eulogy]] written in 1365, and a [[Vietnam]]ese source from the same time period. The name possibly means ''Sea Town'', being derived from the [[Malay language|Malay]] {{lang|ms|tasek}}, meaning 'sea' or 'lake'.<ref name="toponym">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |title=Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics |author1=Victor R Savage |author2=Brenda Yeoh |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |date=15 June 2013 |isbn=9789814484749 |page=381 |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412012131/https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chinese people|Chinese]] traveller [[Wang Dayuan]] visited a place around 1330 named ''Danmaxi'' ({{zh|c=淡馬錫|p= Dànmǎxí|w=Tan Ma Hsi}}) or ''Tam ma siak'', depending on pronunciation; this may be a transcription of [[Temasek]], alternatively, it may be a combination of the [[Malay language|Malay]] {{lang|ms|Tanah}} meaning 'land' and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] {{lang|zh-Latn|xi}} meaning 'tin', which was traded on the island.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 |title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800 |author1-link=John N. Miksic |author=John N. Miksic |publisher=NUS Press |date=15 November 2013 |isbn=978-9971695743 |pages=171–182 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305143007/https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toponym" />

Variations of the name {{lang|sa-Latn|Siṃhapura}} were used for a number of cities throughout the region prior to the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Singapura]]. In [[Buddhism and Hinduism|Hindu–Buddhist culture]], lions were associated with power and protection, which may explain the attraction of such a name.{{sfn|Miksic|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 151–152]}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://mothership.sg/2016/12/5-other-places-in-asia-which-are-also-called-singapura/ |title=5 other places in Asia which are also called Singapura |author=Joshua Lee |work=Mothership |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406022412/https://mothership.sg/2016/12/5-other-places-in-asia-which-are-also-called-singapura/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The name ''Singapura'' supplanted [[Temasek]] sometime before the 15th century, after the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Singapura]] on the island by a fleeing Sumatran ''[[Raja]]'' (prince) from [[Palembang]]. However, the precise time and reason for the name change is unknown. The semi-historical [[Malay Annals]] state that [[Temasek]] was christened ''Singapura'' by [[Sang Nila Utama]], a 13th-century Sumatran ''[[Raja]]'' from [[Palembang]]. [[Malay Annals|The Annals]] state that [[Sang Nila Utama]] encountered a strange beast on the island that he took to be a lion. Seeing this as an omen, he established the town of ''Singapura'' where he encountered the beast.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng/page/n1/mode/2up?q= |title=Sejarah Melayu The Malay Annals MS RAFFLES No. 18 Edisi Rumi Baru/New Romanised Edition |date=1998 |publisher=Academic Art & Printing Services Sdn. Bhd. |isbn=967-9948-13-7 |editor-last1=Kheng |editor-first1=Cheah Boon |editor-last2=Ismail |editor-first2=Abdul Rahman Haji}}</ref>{{Rp|37, 88–92}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=C.C. |date=October 1952 |title=The Malay Annals translated from Raffles MS 18 |url=https://archive.org/details/malay-annals-C.-C.-Brown/page/n1/mode/2up?q= |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=25 |issue=2&3 |pages=1–276}}</ref>{{Rp|30–31}} The second hypothesis, drawn from [[Tomé Pires#The Suma Oriental|Portuguese sources]], postulates that this mythical story is based on the real life [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]] of [[Palembang]]. [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]] declared independence from [[Majapahit]] and mounted a Lion Throne. After then being driven into exile by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]], he usurped control over [[Temasek]]. He may have rechristened the area as ''Singapura'', recalling the throne he had been driven from.<ref name="turnbull">{{cite book |last=Turnbull |first=C.M. |author-link=C. M. Turnbull |title=A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |publisher=NUS Press |year=2009 |pages=21–22 |isbn=978-9971-69-430-2 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305143058/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

Under [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Japanese occupation]], Singapore was renamed {{Nihongo|''Syonan-to''|[[wikt:昭|昭]] [[wikt:南|南]]|Shōnan|lead=yes}}, meaning 'light of the south'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abshire |first=Jean |title=The History of Singapore |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA104 |isbn=978-0-313-37743-3 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000704/https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA104 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Kevin |first2=Karl |last2=Hack |title=Did Singapore Have to Fall?: Churchill and the Impregnable Fortress |year=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-203-40440-9 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&pg=PA132 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211000739/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&pg=PA132 |url-status=live}}</ref> Singapore is sometimes referred to by the nickname the "Garden City", in reference to its parks and tree-lined streets.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Goetz |first1=Philip W. |title=Singapore <!-- this is a guess fixing a bollixed ref --> |quote="Singapore, known variously as the 'Lion City,' or 'Garden City,' the latter for its many parks and tree-lined streets |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica |location=Chicago |edition=15th |date=1991 |page=832 |isbn=978-0-85229-529-8 |bibcode=1991neb..book.....G}}</ref> Another informal name, the "[[Little red dot|Little Red Dot]]", was adopted after an article in the ''[[The Wall Street Journal Asia|Asian Wall Street Journal]]'' of 4 August 1998 said that [[Indonesia]]n President [[B. J. Habibie]] referred to Singapore as a red dot on a map.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glennie |first1=Charlotte |last2=Ang |first2=Mavis |last3=Rhys |first3=Gillian |last4=Aul |first4=Vidhu |last5=Walton |first5=Nicholas |title=50 reasons Singapore is the best city in the world |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/singapore-50-reasons |quote="The Lion City. The Garden City. The Asian Tiger. The 'Fine' City. All venerable nicknames, and the longtime favourite is the 'Little Red Dot'" |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=6 August 2015 |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807045157/http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/singapore-50-reasons |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A little red dot in a sea of green |url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=16 July 2015 |quote="..with a characteristic mixture of pride and paranoia, Singapore adopted 'little red dot' as a motto" |location=London |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016175357/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Editorial: The mighty red dot |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/09/08/editorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128071756/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/09/08/editorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Habibie truly admired the 'Little Red Dot' |newspaper=[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]] |date=20 September 2006}}.</ref>