Editing Siege of Yorktown (section)

== Overview ==
In 1780, about 5,500 French soldiers landed in [[Rhode Island]] to help their American allies fight the British troops controlling [[New York City]]. Following the arrival of dispatches from France that included the possibility of support from the French [[West Indies]] fleet of the [[François Joseph Paul de Grasse|Comte de Grasse]], disagreements arose between Washington and Rochambeau on whether to ask de Grasse for assistance in besieging New York or in military operations against a British army in Virginia. On the advice of Rochambeau, de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the [[Chesapeake Bay]], where Cornwallis had taken command of the army. Cornwallis, at first given confusing orders by his superior officer, [[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)|Henry Clinton]], was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep-water port, which he began to do in Yorktown. Cornwallis's movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by Marquis de Lafayette.

The French and American armies united north of [[New York City]] during the summer of 1781. When word of de Grasse's decision arrived, both armies began moving south toward [[Virginia]], engaging in deception tactics to lead the British to believe a siege of New York was planned. De Grasse sailed from the West Indies and arrived at [[Chesapeake Bay]] at the end of August, bringing additional troops and creating a naval blockade of Yorktown. He was transporting 500,000 silver reales collected from Spanish subject residents in  [[Havana]], Cuba, to fund supplies for the siege and payroll for the Continental Army.<ref>Chávez p. 225</ref> In [[Santo Domingo]], de Grasse met with [[Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis]], an agent of King [[Charles III of Spain]]. De Grasse planned to leave several of his warships in Santo Domingo. But Saavedra promised the assistance of the Spanish Navy to protect the French merchant fleet, enabling de Grasse to sail north with all of his warships.<ref>Mitchell p. 23</ref> In the beginning of September, he defeated a British fleet led by Sir [[Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves|Thomas Graves]], which was displatched to relieve Cornwallis at the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]]. As a result of this victory, de Grasse blocked any reinforcement or escape by sea for Cornwallis and also disembarked the heavy siege guns required by the allied land forces. By late September, Washington and Rochambeau arrived, and the army and naval forces completely surrounded Cornwallis.

After initial preparations, the Americans and French built their [[Siege#Age of gunpowder|first parallel]] and began the bombardment. With the British defense weakened, on October 14, 1781, Washington sent two columns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses. A French column under [[Wilhelm of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken|Vicomte de Deux-Ponts]] took [[Redoubt]] No. 9 and an American column under Lieutenant Colonel [[Alexander Hamilton]] took Redoubt No. 10. With these defenses, the allies were able to finish their second parallel. With the Franco-American artillery closer and its bombardment more intense than ever, the British position began to deteriorate rapidly. Cornwallis asked for capitulation terms on October 17. After two days of negotiation, the surrender ceremony occurred on October 19; Cornwallis was absent from the ceremony. With the capture of more than 7,000 British soldiers, negotiations between the United States and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] began, resulting in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris of 1783]].

The battlegrounds are preserved and interpreted today as part of [[Colonial National Historical Park]].