Editing Shiga toxin (section)

== Nomenclature ==
[[Microbiologists]] use many terms to describe Shiga toxin and differentiate more than one unique form.  Many of these terms [[synonym|are used interchangeably]].

# Shiga toxin type 1 and type 2 (Stx-1 and 2) are the Shiga toxins produced by some'' E. coli'' strains. Stx-1 is identical to Stx of ''Shigella'' spp. or differs by only one amino acid.<ref name="Kaper2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kaper JB, O'Brien AD |title=Overview and Historical Perspectives |journal=Microbiology Spectrum |volume=2 |issue=6 |veditors=Sperandio V, Hovde CJ|year=2014 |pmid=25590020 |pmc=4290666 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.EHEC-0028-2014}}</ref>  Stx-2 shares 55% amino acid homology with Stx-1.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaper |first1=James B. |last2=Nataro |first2=James P. |last3=Mobley |first3=Harry L. T. |title=Pathogenic Escherichia coli |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |date=February 2004 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=123–140 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro818 |pmid=15040260 }}</ref>
# Cytotoxins – an archaic denotation for Stx – is used in a broad [[word sense|sense]].
# Verocytotoxins/verotoxins – a seldom-used term for Stx – is from the hypersensitivity of [[Vero cells]] to Stx.<ref name="pmid8408571">{{cite journal |author1=Beutin L |author2=Geier D |author3=Steinrück H |author4=Zimmermann S |author5=Scheutz F |title=Prevalence and some properties of verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin)-producing Escherichia coli in seven different species of healthy domestic animals |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=2483–8 |date=September 1993 |pmid=8408571 |pmc=265781 |doi= 10.1128/JCM.31.9.2483-2488.1993}}</ref><ref name="pmid8039905">{{cite journal |author1=Bitzan M |author2=Richardson S |author3=Huang C |author4=Boyd B |author5=Petric M |author6=Karmali MA |title=Evidence that verotoxins (Shiga-like toxins) from Escherichia coli bind to P blood group antigens of human erythrocytes in vitro |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=3337–47 |date=August 1994 |pmid=8039905 |pmc=302964 |doi= 10.1128/IAI.62.8.3337-3347.1994}}</ref><ref name="pmid2199511">{{cite journal |author1=Giraldi R |author2=Guth BE |author3=Trabulsi LR |title=Production of Shiga-like toxin among Escherichia coli strains and other bacteria isolated from diarrhea in São Paulo, Brazil |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1460–2 |date=June 1990 |pmid=2199511 |pmc=267957 |doi= 10.1128/JCM.28.6.1460-1462.1990}}</ref>
# The term Shiga-like toxins is another antiquated term which arose prior to the understanding that Shiga and Shiga-like toxins were identical.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scheutz F, Teel LD, Beutin L, Piérard D, Buvens G, Karch H, Mellmann A, Caprioli A, Tozzoli R, Morabito S, Strockbine NA, Melton-Celsa AR, Sanchez M, Persson S, O'Brien AD | title = Multicenter evaluation of a sequence-based protocol for subtyping Shiga toxins and standardizing Stx nomenclature | journal = Journal of Clinical Microbiology | volume = 50 | issue = 9 | pages = 2951–63 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22760050 | pmc = 3421821 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.00860-12 }}</ref>