Editing Shia Islam (section)

==Terminology==
The word Shia (or {{transliteration|ar|Shīʿa}}) ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|iː|ə}}) ({{Langx|ar|شيعيّ|shīʿī, {{plural form|shīʿiyyūn}}}}) is derived from {{Langx|ar|label=none|شيعة علي|shīʿat ʿAlī|followers of Ali}}.<ref name="Britannica738">The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed., Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998, {{ISBN|0-85229-663-0}}, Vol. 10, p. 738</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Duncan S. Ferguson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPwHem3bV9sC&pg=PA192 |title=Exploring the Spirituality of the World Religions: The Quest for Personal, Spiritual and Social Transformation |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4411-4645-8 |page=192}}</ref><ref name="wehr-498">{{cite web |last1=Wehr |first1=Hans |title=Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |url=https://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=594 |page=598 |edition=4th}}</ref> Shia Islam is also referred to in English as Shiism (or Shīʿism) ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|iː|ɪ|z|(|ə|)|m}}), and Shia Muslims as  Shiites (or Shīʿites) ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|iː|aɪ|t}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Difference Between The Meaning Of ''Shia'' And ''Shiite''? However the term Shiite is being used less and is considered less proper than simply using the term "Shia". |url=https://www.englishforums.com/English/DifferenceBetweenMeaningShia-Shiite/dxnnw/post.htm |website=English forums |date=2 February 2007 |access-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731194040/https://www.englishforums.com/English/DifferenceBetweenMeaningShia-Shiite/dxnnw/post.htm |archive-date=31 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term {{Transliteration|ar|Shia}} was first used during Muhammad's lifetime.<ref>{{harvnb|Ṭabataba'i|1977|p=34}}</ref> At present, the word refers to the Muslims who believe that the leadership of the [[Ummah|Muslim community]] after Muhammad belongs to [[Ali|ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib]], Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, and his successors.<ref name="jaarel 2015">{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Academy of Religion]] |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, [[Muhammad]] not only designated [[Ali|ʿAlī]] as his friend, but appointed him as his [[Succession to Muhammad|successor]]—as the “lord” or “master” of the new [[Ummah|Muslim community]]. ʿAlī and [[Family tree of Ali|his descendants]] would become known as [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|the Imams]], divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted [[Tafsir|special insight into the Qurʾanic text]]. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over [[Islamic holy books|Islamic texts]] and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the [[Occultation (Islam)|disappearance]] of the [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|twelfth and final Imam]] in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nawbakhti states that the term ''Shia'' refers to a group of Muslims who at the time of Muhammad and after him regarded ʿAlī as the [[Imam]] and [[caliph]].<ref name="jaarel 2015"/><ref>{{harvnb|Sobhani|Shah-Kazemi|2001|p=97}}</ref> [[Al-Shahrastani]] expresses that the term ''Shia'' refers to those who believe that ʿAlī is designated as the [[Succession to Muhammad|heir]], Imam, and caliph by Muhammad<ref name="jaarel 2015"/><ref>{{harvnb|Sobhani|Shah-Kazemi|2001|p=98}}</ref> and that ʿAlī's authority is maintained through his descendants.<ref name="jaarel 2015"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Vaezi | first=Ahmad | title=Shia political thought | year=2004 | publisher=Islamic Centre of England | location=London | page=56 | isbn=978-1-904934-01-1 | oclc=59136662}}</ref> For the adherents of Shia Islam, this conviction is implicit in the [[Quran]] and the [[history of Islam]]. Shia Muslim scholars emphasize that the notion of authority is linked to the family of the [[Prophets in Islam|Abrahamic prophets]] as the Quranic verses {{qref|3|33}} and {{qref|3|34}} show: "Indeed, Allah chose [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], the family of [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], and the family of [[Amram|’Imrân]] above all people. They are descendants of one another. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing."<ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2007|p=218}}</ref>