Editing Shame (section)

== Definition ==
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Shame is a discrete, basic emotion, described as a [[Moral emotions|moral]] or [[social emotion]] that drives people to hide or deny their wrongdoings.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Shein, L. (2018). "The Evolution of Shame and Guilt". PLoSONE, 13(7), 1–11.</ref>
Moral emotions are emotions that have an influence on a person's [[decision-making]] skills and monitors different social behaviors.<ref name=":1" /> The focus of shame is on the self or the individual with respect to a perceived audience. It can bring about profound feelings of deficiency, defeat, inferiority, unworthiness, or [[self-loathing]]. Our attention turns inward; we isolate from our surroundings and withdraw into closed-off self-absorption. Not only do we feel alienated from others but also from the healthy parts of ourselves. The [[Social alienation|alienation]] from the world leads to painful emotions and [[self-deprecating]] thoughts and inner [[anguish]].<ref>Lancer, D. (2014). ''Conquering Shame and Codependency: 8 Steps to Freeing the True You.'' Hazelden Foundation, pp. 12–13, {{ISBN|978-1-61649-533-6}}</ref>
Empirical research demonstrates that it is dysfunctional for the individual and group level.<ref>Tangney, June Price, and Ronda L. Dearing. ''Shame and guilt''. Guilford Press, 2003. {{ISBN|9781572309876}}{{page needed|date=June 2021}}</ref> Shame can also be described as an unpleasant self-conscious emotion that involves negative evaluation of the self.<ref>Parsa, S. (2018). "Psychological Construction of Shame in Disordered Eating". ''New Psychology Bulletin'', 15(1), 11–19.</ref> Shame can be a painful emotion that is seen as a "...comparison of the self's action with the self's standards..." but may equally stem from comparison of the self's state of being with the ideal social context's standard. According to Neda Sedighimornani,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sedighimornani |first=Neda |date=2018-10-09 |title=Shame And Its Features: Understanding Of Shame |journal=European Journal of Social Sciences Studies |volume=3 |issue=3 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1453426 |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.1453426}}</ref> shame is relevant in several psychological disorders such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[Social anxiety disorder|phobia of social interactions]], and even some [[eating disorder]]s.
Some [[measures of guilt and shame|scales of shame]] measure it to assess emotional states, whereas other shame scales are used to assess emotional traits or dispositions- [[shame proneness]].<ref name="Schalkwijk, F. 2016">Schalkwijk, F., Stams, G. J., Dekker, J., & Elison, J. (2016). "Measuring Shame Regulations: Validation of the Compass of Shame Scale". ''Social Behavior and Personality'', 44(11), 1775–91.</ref> "To shame" generally means to actively assign or communicate a state of shame to another person. Behaviors designed to "uncover" or "expose" others are sometimes used to place shame on the other person. Whereas, having shame means to maintain a sense of restraint against offending others (as with [[modesty]], [[humility]], and [[deference]]). In contrast to having shame is to have no shame; behaving without restraint, offending others, similar to other emotions like [[pride]] or [[hubris]].