Editing Sexology (section)

==History==
===Early===
[[Sex manual]]s have existed for centuries, such as [[Ovid]]'s {{Lang|la|[[Ars Amatoria]]}}, the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' of [[Vatsyayana]], the ''[[Ananga Ranga]]'', and ''[[The Perfumed Garden|The Perfumed Garden for the Soul's Recreation]]''.  {{lang|fr|De la prostitution dans la ville de Paris}} (''Prostitution in the City of Paris''), an early 1830s study on 3,558 registered prostitutes in [[Paris]], written by Alexander Jean Baptiste Parent-Duchatelet (published in 1837, a year after he died), has been called the first work of modern sex research.<ref name=Bullough1989>Bullough, V. L. (1989). ''The society for the scientific study of sex: A brief history''. Mt. Vernon, Iowa: The Foundation for the Scientific Study of Sexuality.</ref> In England, [[James Graham (sexologist)|James Graham]] was an early sexologist who lectured on topics such as the process of sex and conception.<ref name="Porter 1989 p. 49">{{cite book | last=Porter | first=R. | title=Health for Sale: Quackery in England, 1660-1850 | publisher=Manchester University Press | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-7190-1903-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9BRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA49 | access-date=2023-06-20 | page=49}}</ref>

The scientific study of sexual behavior in human beings began in the 19th century with [[Heinrich Kaan]], whose book ''Psychopathia Sexualis'' (1844) [[Michel Foucault]] describes as marking "the date of birth, or in any case the date of the emergence of sexuality and sexual aberrations in the psychiatric field."<ref>Michel Foucault, ''Abnormal: Lectures at the  Collège de France, 1974-195 (Picador, 2003)''</ref> The term ''sexology'' was coined for the first time in the United States by Elizabeth Osgood Goodrich Willard in 1867.<ref>Benjamin Kahan, "The unexpected American Origins of Sexology and Sexual science: Elizabeth Osgood Goodrich Willard, Orson Squire Fowler, and the Scientification of Sex ''History of Human Sciences'' 34.1 (2020): 71-88</ref> Roughly simultaneously a group of homophile activists, not yet identifying themselves as sexologists, were responding to shifts in [[Europe]]'s national borders, a crisis that brought into conflict laws that were sexually liberal and laws that criminalized behaviors such as homosexual activity.

===Victorian era to WWII===
[[File:Portrait of Havelock Ellis (1859-1939), Psychologist and Biologist (2575987702) crop.jpg|thumb|[[Havelock Ellis]], a pioneering figure in the movement towards sexual emancipation in the late 19th century]]

Despite the prevailing social attitude of sexual repression in [[Victorian morality|the Victorian era]], the movement towards sexual emancipation began towards the end of the nineteenth century in England and Germany. In 1886, [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing]] published ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]].'' That work is considered as having established sexology as a scientific discipline.<ref name = Hoenig1977>Hoenig, J. (1977). Dramatis personae: Selected biographical sketches of 19th century pioneers in sexology. In J. Money and H. Musaph (Eds.), ''Handbook of Sexology,'' (pp. 21-43). Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.</ref>

In England, the founding father of sexology was the doctor and sexologist [[Havelock Ellis]] who challenged the [[sexual taboo]]s of his era regarding [[masturbation]] and [[homosexuality]] and revolutionized the conception of sex in his time. His seminal work was the 1897 ''Sexual Inversion'', which describes the sexual relations of homosexual males, including men with boys. Ellis wrote the first objective study of homosexuality (the term was coined by [[Karl-Maria Kertbeny]]), as he did not characterize it as a disease, immoral, or a crime. The work assumes that same-sex love transcended age [[taboo]]s as well as gender taboos. Seven of his twenty-one case studies are of inter-generational relationships. He also developed other important psychological concepts, such as [[autoerotism]] and [[narcissism]], both of which were later developed further by [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Language of Psycho-analysis|author1=Laplanche, J.|author2=Pontalis, J.B.|date=1988|publisher=Karnac Books|isbn=9780946439492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCpokE8C2WgC&pg=PA45|page=45|access-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref>

Ellis pioneered [[transgender]] phenomena alongside the German [[Magnus Hirschfeld]]. He established it as new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality.<ref name=ttp>Ekins, Richard and King, Dave (2006) ''The transgender phenomenon'', SAGE, {{ISBN|0-7619-7163-7}}, pp. 61-64</ref> Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of [[transvestism]], but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term ''sexo-aesthetic inversion'' to describe the phenomenon.<ref name=ellis1933>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Albert|title=Psychology of Sex|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSLybrnLVeIC&pg=PA209YEAR|isbn=9781443735322|publisher=Read Books|date=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dNnT3GuF_gC&q=father+of+sexology+ellis|title=The Real Facts Of Life: Feminism And The Politics Of Sexuality C1850-1940|author=Jackson, Margaret|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780203992395}}</ref>

In 1908, the first scholarly journal of the field, ''Journal of Sexology'' (''Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft''), began publication and was published monthly for one year. Those issues contained articles by Freud, [[Alfred Adler]], and [[Wilhelm Stekel]].<ref name=Haeberle>Haeberle, E. J. (1983). ''The birth of sexology: A brief history in documents.'' World Association for Sexology.</ref> In 1913, the first academic association was founded: the ''Society for Sexology''.<ref>Kewenig, W. A. (1983). Foreword. In E. J. Haeberle, ''The birth of sexology: A brief history in documents''. World Association for Sexology. p. 3</ref>

Freud developed a theory of sexuality. These [[Psychosexual development|stages of development]] include: [[Oral stage|Oral]], [[Anal stage|Anal]], [[Phallic stage|Phallic]], [[Latency stage|Latency]] and [[Genital stage|Genital]]. These stages run from infancy to puberty and onwards.<ref name="gutenberg">{{cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14969 |title=Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex by Sigmund Freud - Free Ebook |publisher=gutenberg.org|access-date=July 25, 2015|date=2005-02-08 }}</ref> based on his studies of his clients, between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [[Wilhelm Reich]] and [[Otto Gross]] were disciples of Freud, but rejected his theories{{vague|date=November 2013}} because of their emphasis on the role of sexuality in the revolutionary struggle for the emancipation of mankind.

[[Image:1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG|thumb|Hirschfeld's books were burned by the Nazis in Berlin for being "un-German".]]
Pre-Nazi Germany, under the sexually liberal [[Napoleonic code]], organized and resisted the anti-sexual, Victorian cultural influences. The momentum from those groups led them to coordinate sex research across traditional [[academic discipline]]s, bringing Germany to the leadership of sexology. Physician [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] was an outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, founding the [[Scientific Humanitarian Committee]], the first advocacy for homosexual and transgender rights.<ref>Goltz, Dustin (2008). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer movements. In A. Lind & S. Brzuzy (Eds.), ''Battleground: Women, gender, and sexuality, 2,'' 291. Greenwood Publishing Group, {{ISBN|978-0-313-34039-0}}</ref>

Hirschfeld also set up the first [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]] (Institute for Sexology) in Berlin in 1919.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Coleman |first1=Eli |last2=Ford |first2=Jessie V |title=A brief history of sexology and lessons learned |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=2024 |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=835–838 |doi=10.1093/jsxmed/qdae081|pmid=39350660 |pmc=11442977 |pmc-embargo-date=October 1, 2025 }}</ref> Its library housed over 20,000 volumes, 35,000 photographs, a large collection of art and other objects. People from around Europe visited the institute to gain a clearer understanding of their [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and to be treated for their sexual concerns and dysfunctions.

Hirschfeld developed a system which identified numerous actual or hypothetical types of sexual intermediary between heterosexual male and female to represent the potential diversity of human sexuality, and is credited with identifying a group of people that today are referred to as [[transsexual]] or [[transgender]] as separate from the categories of homosexuality, he referred to these people as ''transvestiten'' (transvestites).<ref>{{Citation | last= Hirschfeld | first= Magnus | title= Die Transvestiten. Eine Untersuchung über den erotischen Verkleidungstrieb. Mit umfangreichen casuistischen und historischen | location= Leipzig | publisher= Verlag von Max Spohr (Ferd. Spohr) | year= 1910}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last= Hirschfeld | first= Magnus | title= Homosexualitat des Mannes und des Weibes | location= Berlin | year= 1920}}</ref> Germany's dominance in sexual behavior research ended with the [[Nazi regime]].<ref name =Bullough1989/> The Institute and its library were destroyed by the Nazis less than three months after they took power, May 8, 1933.<ref name=Haeberle/> The institute was shut down and Hirschfeld's books were burned.

Other sexologists in the early [[gay rights movement]] included [[Ernst Burchard]] and [[Benedict Friedlaender]]. [[Ernst Gräfenberg]], after whom the [[G-spot]] is named, published the initial research developing the [[intrauterine device]] (IUD).

===Post WWII===
After World War II, sexology experienced a renaissance, both in the United States and Europe. Large scale studies of sexual behavior, sexual function, and [[sexual dysfunction]] gave rise to the development of [[sex therapy]].<ref name=Haeberle/> Post-WWII sexology in the U.S. was influenced by the influx of European refugees escaping the Nazi regime and the popularity of the [[Kinsey Reports|Kinsey studies]]. Until that time, American sexology consisted primarily of groups working to end [[prostitution]] and to educate youth about [[sexually transmitted infection]]s.<ref name =Bullough1989/> [[Alfred Kinsey]] founded the [[Kinsey Institute|Institute for Sex Research]] at [[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University]] at [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]] in 1947. This is now called the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction. He wrote in his 1948 book that more was scientifically known about the sexual behavior of farm animals than of humans.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Kinsey | first1 = Alfred C. | last2 = Martin | first2 = Clyde E. | last3 = Pomeroy | first3 = Wardell B. | author-link1 = Alfred Kinsey | author-link2 = Clyde Martin | author-link3 = Wardell Pomeroy | title = Sexual behavior in the human male | url = https://archive.org/details/sexualbehaviorin00kins | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/sexualbehaviorin00kins/page/3 3] | publisher = W.B. Saunders | location = New York and Philadelphia | year = 1948 | oclc = 705195970 }}</ref>

Psychologist and sexologist [[John Money]] developed theories on sexual identity and [[gender identity]] in the 1950s. His work, notably on the [[David Reimer]] case has since been regarded as controversial, even while the case was key to the development of treatment protocols for [[intersex]] infants and children.<ref name="diamond">{{Cite journal | last1 = Diamond | first1 = Milton | last2 = Sigmundson | first2 = H. Keith | author-link1 = Milton Diamond | title = Sex reassignment at birth: long-term review and clinical implications | journal = [[JAMA Pediatrics|Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine]] | volume = 151 | issue = 3 | pages = 298–304 | doi = 10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015 | pmid = 9080940 | date = March 1997 }}</ref><ref name="diamond2">{{Cite journal | last = Diamond | first = Milton | author-link = Milton Diamond | title = Sex, gender, and identity over the years: a changing perspective | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 591–607, viii | doi = 10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.008 | pmid = 15183375 | date = July 2004 }}</ref>{{Vague|reason=What were John Money's theories?  What treatments of intersex people?|date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}

[[Kurt Freund]] developed the [[penile plethysmograph]] in [[Czechoslovakia]] in the 1950s. The device was designed to provide an objective measurement of [[sexual arousal]] in males and is currently used in the assessment of [[pedophilia]] and [[hebephilia]]. This tool has since been used with [[sex offenders]].<ref name="apobit">{{cite news | agency = Associated Press | title = Kurt Freund, 82, notable sexologist | url = http://www.s-t.com/daily/10-96/10-29-96/c06wn888.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990220222204/http://www.s-t.com/daily/10-96/10-29-96/c06wn888.htm |archive-date=20 February 1999| date = October 26, 1996 }}</ref><ref name="kubanobit">{{cite journal | last = Kuban | first = Michael | title = Sexual Science Mentor: Dr. Kurt Freund | journal = Sexual Science | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | url = http://sexscience.org/uploads/media/sex_sci45-2.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101222215801/http://sexscience.org/uploads/media/sex_sci45-2.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2010-12-22 | date = Summer 2004 }}</ref>

In 1966 and 1970, [[Masters and Johnson]] released their works ''Human Sexual Response'' and ''Human Sexual Inadequacy,'' respectively. Those volumes sold well, and they were founders of what became known as the [[Masters & Johnson Institute]] in 1978.

[[Vern Bullough]] was a historian of sexology during this era, as well as being a researcher in the field.<ref name="vernbullough">{{cite web|url=http://www.vernbullough.com/bullough/publications/publicationsindex.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040727172744/http://www.vernbullough.com/bullough/publications/publicationsindex.html |archive-date=July 27, 2004 |url-status=dead |title=Dr. Vern L. Bullough: Profile |website=vernbullough.com |access-date=July 25, 2015 }}</ref>

The emergence of [[HIV/AIDS]] in the 1980s caused a dramatic shift in sexological research efforts towards understanding and controlling the spread of the disease.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Gagnon | first = John H. | title = Sex research and sexual conduct in the era of AIDS | journal = [[Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes]] | volume = 1 | issue = 6 | pages = 593–601 | pmid = 3225745 | date = December 1988 | url = http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Abstract/1988/12000/Sex_Research_and_Sexual_Conduct_in_the_Era_of.11.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Oriel | first = Jennifer | title = Sexual pleasure as a human right: Harmful or helpful to women in the context of HIV/AIDS? | journal = [[Women's Studies International Forum]] | volume = 28 | issue = 5 | pages = 392–404 | doi = 10.1016/j.wsif.2005.05.002 | date = September 2005 }} [https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/248654/original/sexual+pleasure+as+a+HR.pdf Pdf.]</ref>