Editing Severed Heads (section)

==History==
===Early years and independent releases (1979–1982)===
In 1979, [[Richard Fielding]] and Andrew Wright formed an experimental electronic duo, Mr. & Mrs. No Smoking Sign, in Sydney.<ref name="McFarlane">{{Cite book | last1 = McFarlane | first1 = Ian | authorlink1 = Ian McFarlane | title = Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop | chapter = Encyclopedia entry for 'Severed Heads' | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040605055734/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=361 | chapter-url = http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=361 | accessdate = 1 January 2014 | year = 1999 | publisher = [[Allen & Unwin]] | location = [[St Leonards, New South Wales|St Leonards, NSW]] | archivedate = 5 June 2004 | isbn = 1-86508-072-1 | url-status = dead| title-link = Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop }}</ref> By the end of that year, [[Tom Ellard]] joined the group.<ref name="McFarlane"/> The group issued cassette albums, including ''Mr. and Mrs. No Smoking Sign Go Cruising fer Burgers!''<ref name="McFarlane"/> In December 2006, Ellard explained the name change: "[W]e were called Mr. & Mrs. No Smoking Sign, because that was really ugly. Then, we wanted to fool people that we were Industrial and it worked. Severed Heads was a really dumb name, so that's what stuck. Forever. I hate it by the way."<ref name="Jones">{{cite news | url = http://www.reocities.com/hiphopinterview/severedheads.html | title = Severed Heads (Tom Ellard) Interview | last = Jones | first = Todd E | publisher = Endorphin Bath, Todd E. Jones | date = December 2006 | accessdate = 1 January 2014 }}</ref>

The group's early music was characterised by the use of [[tape loop]]s, noisy arrangements of synthesisers and other dissonant sound sources in the general category of [[industrial music]]. Wright departed late in 1979, leaving the duo of Ellard and Fielding to put together the band's early studio offerings, including the A-side of a [[split album]], ''[[Ear Bitten/No Vowels, No Bowels]]'', with the B-side by Rhythmyx Chymx.<ref name="McFarlane"/><ref name="Deming">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5394|tab=biography|pure_url=yes}} | title = Severed Heads {{pipe}} Biography | publisher = [[AllMusic]] | last = Deming | first = Mark | accessdate = 1 January 2014 }}</ref> Fielding departed the band during the recording of 1981's ''[[Clean (Severed Heads album)|Clean]]'', leaving much of the work to be completed solely by Ellard.<ref name="McFarlane"/><ref name="Deming"/>

Severed Heads began incorporating various popular music tropes, such as a consistent 4/4 rhythm, strong melodic lines, resolving chord arrangements and Ellard's thin but gently eerie vocals and elliptical, poetic lyrics. This move was underscored by the incorporation of mimetic devices, such as [[drum machine]]s and bass synthesisers. The result was a striking hybrid of [[avant-garde]] industrial and pop. The group moved their live shows from "experimental venues and art spaces to rock clubs",<ref name="Deming"/> and they issued the ''[[Blubberknife]]'' and ''[[80's Cheesecake]]'' albums in 1982 after expanding to include synthesiser player [[Garry Bradbury]] and guitarist Simon Knuckey.<ref name="McFarlane"/><ref name="AMG Blubber">{{cite web | url = {{AllMusic|class=album|id=r215203|pure_url=yes}} | publisher = [[AllMusic]] | title = ''Blubberknife'' – Severed Heads | accessdate = 1 January 2014 }}</ref> Following the release of these albums, Severed Heads were also joined by video expert and musician [[Stephen Jones (musician)|Stephen Jones]].

===Major label years and mainstream success (1983–1998)===
1983 saw British label Ink Records issue ''[[Since the Accident]]'', which was later released by [[Nettwerk]] records in North America and [[Volition Records]] in Australia. [[AllMusic]]'s John Bush described the album as not "quite a crossover effort" with the lead single, "Dead Eyes Opened", being "surprisingly melodic synth-pop".<ref name="Bush">{{cite web | url = {{AllMusic|class=album|id=r17745|pure_url=yes}} | publisher = [[AllMusic]] | title = ''Since the Accident'' – Severed Heads | last = Bush | first = John | accessdate = 1 January 2014 }}</ref> The band's recording deals led to a world tour, which became a multimedia event with the addition of [[video synthesizer|video synthesisers]] performed by Jones. After the tour, Severed Heads returned to Australia in August 1984.<ref name="Kelson">{{cite news | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article134419664 | title = Under Current: Ex Concerts Young Docteurs / Machinations / Icehouse | last = Kelson | first = Marcus | newspaper = [[Woroni|Woroni (Canberra, ACT : 1950 - 2007)]] | date = 3 August 1984 | accessdate = 2 January 2014 | page = 5 | publisher = [[National Library of Australia]] }}</ref> However, this period saw more personnel change for the band. Bradbury had departed during the recording of ''Since the Accident'' in 1983 (leaving most of the recording to Ellard) and Knuckey departed soon before the 1984 world tour, so the lineup that went on tour consisted of Ellard, Jones and the newly recruited Paul Deering.

In 1985, Severed Heads issued ''[[City Slab Horror]]'', again on Ink Records for the European market.<ref name="McFarlane"/> For this album, Bradbury returned as guest musician and contributed to vocals and songwriting. Clashes with Ellard caused Deering to leave the band in order to continue working with Bradbury. In October that year, Jon Casimir of ''[[the Canberra Times]]'' described the group as "Australia's most innovative electronic band", which had an "obsession with the ugly and horrific" with music "reminiscent of [[Cabaret Voltaire (band)|Cabaret Voltaire]] and [[Throbbing Gristle]]."<ref name="Casimir">{{cite news | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article132368429 | title = The Good Times: The Best of the Underground with an Esoteric Following – Mixing White Noise with a Beat | last = Casimir | first = Jon | newspaper=[[The Canberra Times|The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995)]] | date = 3 October 1985 | accessdate = 2 January 2014 | page = 6 Supplement | publisher = National Library of Australia }}</ref> Local label Volition compiled international tracks for the local-only album ''Stretcher'' in November 1985.<ref name="McFarlane"/> In August the following year, the band followed with ''[[Come Visit The Big Bigot|Come Visit the Big Bigot]]''.<ref name="McFarlane"/> During that year, Ellard and Jones took Severed Heads on a European and North American tour.<ref name="McFarlane"/> ''[[Bad Mood Guy]]'' was issued by Volition in October 1987.<ref name="McFarlane"/> ''The Canberra Times''{{'}} Kathryn Whitfield felt the group had "gone way beyond experimental" to provide "a commercially viable product" while Ellard reflected "we have just worked carefully and solidly in an area that we think is good".<ref name="Whitfield">{{cite news | url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122112806 | title = Off with His Head! | last = Whitfield | first = Kathryn | newspaper = [[The Canberra Times|The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995)]] | date = 5 November 1987 | accessdate = 2 January 2014 | page = 39 | publisher = National Library of Australia }}</ref>

Severed Heads peaked at No.&nbsp;19 in the United States on the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] chart in 1988 with the [[12-inch single]] "Greater Reward", which later appeared on the album ''[[Rotund For Success|Rotund for Success]]'', issued in October 1989.<ref name="McFarlane"/><ref name="AMG Charts">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5394/awards|pure_url=yes}} | title = Severed Heads {{pipe}} Awards | publisher = [[AllMusic]] | accessdate = 1 January 2014 }}</ref> The album included several remixes by Sydney-based producer [[Robert Racic]], who produced tracks for the band through the late 1980s and early 1990s and contributed to their sound.<ref name="McFarlane"/> Another single to make the ''Billboard'' chart was "All Saints Day" in 1989, which reached No.&nbsp;25.<ref name="AMG Charts"/>

In 1989, Nettwerk and Volition re-released ''Since the Accident'' and ''City Slab Horror'', each with tracks from ''Blubberknife'', for the first time on CD. The releases were cut from the original masters resulting in superior quality compared to the original Ink Records releases which Ellard later remarked were "cut from a tape of a tape".<ref name="ap-5-30-1990" />

In 1992, one year after the release of ''[[Cuisine (With Piscatorial)]]'', Jones left the band, leaving Ellard as the group's sole official member. Nettwerk did not renew its contract with the band, leaving Severed Heads adrift in the marketplace. Ellard sought out another label for his next release, ''[[Gigapus]]'', in 1994, which was released on Volition in Australia and Decibel Records in the US. Around this time, the band had a major Australian hit with a remixed version of "[[Dead Eyes Opened]]", which samples [[Edgar Lustgarten]] reading from ''Death on the Crumbles''. Both Volition and Decibel soon folded, and once again, Severed Heads were unaligned with the traditional music industry, and they did not fully own the rights to their music. This changed in 1998 when [[Sony Music]] released claims to Volition material.

===Later years and subsequent releases (1999–2007)===
With his music back in his hands, Ellard began developing an independent music system, entirely Internet-based, at sevcom.com. During the early 2000s, Ellard developed several innovative products, such as the Sevcom Music Server, a subscription-based [[ambient music]] distribution system.

Ellard has worked on a side project, Coklacoma, that released a few albums in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By 2004, he was heavily involved with developing video but increasingly felt that the Severed Heads label was a thing of the past, and in 2008 opted to jettison the name. Ellard also worked extensively during the 1990s with other Sydney-based electronic musicians and groups such as [[Paul Mac]] (of [[Itch-E and Scratch-E]]) and [[Boxcar (band)|Boxcar]], former alumni of the now-defunct Volition label, as well as with [[The Lab (band)|the Lab]].

===Dissolutions and reunions (2008–2019)===
In early 2008, Ellard announced that Severed Heads were now defunct and that no further creative output would be released under the name. However, the band was reformed by Ellard and new member and longtime friend Stewart Lawler for a 30th-anniversary show on 14 January 2010 as part of the annual [[Sydney Festival]], and in May 2011 the group supported [[Gary Numan]] in a tour celebrating the 30th anniversary of Numan's album ''[[The Pleasure Principle (Gary Numan album)|The Pleasure Principle]]''. In a May 2011 interview, Tom Ellard explained: "Some people thought it was a bit rude of me to just shut it down without a proper farewell tour and so we decided we would drag it out just one more time and say our toodly-doodly's."<ref name="numan">[http://guestlisted.blogspot.com/2011/05/tom-ellard-severed-heads-interview-2011.html Tom Ellard (Severed Heads) interview: 2011], 9 May 2011, Guestlisted blog</ref> On 22 October 2011, Severed Heads played what was intended to be their final performance in Australia Joan Sutherland Centre, Promotional material at the Joan Sutherland Performing Arts Centre. At BimFEST 2011 in [[Antwerp]],<ref name="bimfest2011">[http://2011.bimfest.be/ BimFEST 2011] program</ref> they performed what was billed as their "absolutely final" performance as Severed Heads.<ref name="absolutelyfinal">[http://tomellard.com/wp/2011/11/belgium-absolutely-final-right/ Ellard blog] regarding his final gig</ref> However, Ellard and Lawler performed what was again intended to be a final gig at the [[Sondheim Theatre|Queen's Theatre]] during the [[Adelaide Festival|Adelaide Festival of Arts]] in 2013, a concert that was recorded by [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref name="ADLArtsFestABC">[http://www.abc.net.au/arts/stories/s3715926.htm Watch Tom Ellard and Severed Heads Live at Adelaide Festival]</ref>

Since 2014, several older Severed Heads albums have been released on vinyl via Medical Records and Dark Entries, such as ''[[Since the Accident]]'' and ''[[City Slab Horror]]''. 2016 saw the release of the ''Beautiful Arabic Surface'' 10" acetate dub plate, which contained the first newly recorded Severed Heads tracks since their announced hiatus in 2008. The single was released through Bughlt Records in a limited edition of 45 copies.

Renewed interest in the band resulted in a seven-date American tour in September 2015, their first performances in the United States in over 20 years.<ref name="2015 tour">[http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2015/04/severed_heads_t.html Severed Heads touring in September, including 1st NYC show in 25 years + Chicago's Cold Waves fest w/ Godflesh & more], 21 April 2015, Brooklyn Vegan</ref> Following these tour dates, the project remained active with new recordings, further reissues and live performances. 

Severed Heads again split up after a string of headlining shows in the US in September 2019. On the band's [[Bandcamp]] page selling the ''Living Museum'' live compilation, they stated: "The 2019 shows were the last bye bye for Severed Heads in Australia, Europe and the USA, and we thank all the people who came out to see us off. We look forward to 2020 and new nilamox* STUFF."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://severedheads.bandcamp.com/album/living-museum|title=Living Museum, by Severed Heads|website=Severed Heads|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref>