Editing Seven deadly sins (section)

== History ==
[[File:Tableau de mission -François-Marie Balanant tableau 1-.jpg|thumb|An allegorical image depicting the human heart subject to the seven deadly sins, each represented by an animal (clockwise: [[toad]] = avarice; [[snake]] = envy; [[lion]] = wrath; [[snail]] = sloth; [[pig]] = gluttony; [[goat]] = lust; [[peacock]] = pride)]]

With reference to the seven deadly sins, "evil thoughts" can be categorized as follows:<ref name="Refoule67" />

* physical (thoughts produced by the nutritive, sexual, and acquisitive appetites)
* emotional (thoughts produced by depressive, irascible, or dismissive moods)
* mental (thoughts produced by jealous, boastful, or hubristic states of mind)

The fourth-century [[monk]] [[Evagrius Ponticus]] reduced the{{which|date=September 2024}} ''[[Evagrius Ponticus#Logismoi|logismoi]]'' (or forms of temptation) from nine to eight in number, as follows:<ref name="Pontico">Evagrio Pontico, ''Gli Otto Spiriti Malvagi'', trans., Felice Comello, Pratiche Editrice, Parma, 1990, p.11-12.</ref><ref name="Evagrius">{{Cite book |last=Evagrius |title=The Greek Ascetic Corpus |date=22 June 2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0199297088 |location=Oxford and New York |translator-last=Sinkewicz. |translator-first=Robert E. |author-link=Evagrius Ponticus}}</ref>

# {{lang|grc|Γαστριμαργία}} ({{transliteration|grc|gastrimargia}}) [[gluttony]]
# {{lang|grc|Πορνεία}} ({{transliteration|grc|porneia}}) [[prostitution]], [[fornication]]
# {{lang|grc|Φιλαργυρία}} ({{transliteration|grc|philargyria}}) [[greed]]
# {{lang|grc|Λύπη}} ({{transliteration|grc|lypē}}) [[sadness]], rendered in the ''[[Philokalia]]'' as ''envy'', sadness at another's good fortune
# {{lang|grc|Ὀργή}} ({{transliteration|grc|orgē}}) [[wrath]]
# {{lang|grc|Ἀκηδία}} ({{transliteration|grc|akēdia}}) [[acedia]] (apathy, neglect, or indifference), rendered in the ''[[Philokalia]]'' as [[Depression (mood)|de''jection'']]
# {{lang|grc|Κενοδοξία}} ({{transliteration|grc|kenodoxia}}) [[boasting]]
# {{lang|grc|Ὑπερηφανία}} ({{transliteration|grc|hyperēphania}}) [[pride]], sometimes rendered as ''self-overestimation'', ''arrogance'', or ''grandiosity''<ref>In the [https://archive.org/stream/Philokalia-TheCompleteText/Philokalia-Complete-Text_djvu.txt translation] of the ''[[Philokalia]]'' by Palmer, Ware and Sherrard.</ref>

Evagrius's list was translated into the Latin of Western Christianity in many writings of [[John Cassian]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf211.iv.iii.html |title=NPNF-211. Sulpitius Severus, Vincent of Lerins, John Cassian – Christian Classics Ethereal Library |website=www.ccel.org |access-date=2012-05-19 |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615203349/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf211.iv.iii.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |edition=First |title=The Institutes |publisher=Newman Press of the Paulist Press |date=3 January 2000 |location=New York |isbn=9780809105229 |first=John |last=Cassian |author-link=John Cassian}}</ref> one of Evagrius’s students; the list thus become part of the Western tradition's spiritual [[Pietas (virtue)|pietas]] or [[Catholic devotions]] as follows:<ref name="Refoule67">Refoule, F. (1967) "Evagrius Ponticus," In ''New Catholic Encyclopaedia,'' Vol. 5, pp. 644f, Staff of Catholic University of America, Eds., New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref>
# {{lang|la|Gula}} ([[gluttony]])
# {{lang|la|Luxuria/Fornicatio}} ([[lust]], [[fornication]])
# {{lang|la|Avaritia}} ([[greed]])
# {{lang|la|Tristitia}} ([[Sorrow (emotion)|sorrow]], [[Depression (mood)|despair]], despondency)
# {{lang|la|Ira}} ([[wrath]])
# {{lang|la|Acedia}} ([[Sloth (deadly sin)|sloth]])
# {{lang|la|Vanagloria}} ([[vanity|vanity]], vainglory)
# {{lang|la|Superbia}} ([[pride]])

In AD 590, [[Pope Gregory I]] revised this list into the form that has become common.<ref>"For pride is the root of all evil, of which it is said, as Scripture bears witness; Pride is the beginning of all sin. [Ecclus. 10, 1] But seven principal vices, as its first progeny, spring doubtless from this poisonous root, namely, vain glory, envy, anger, melancholy, avarice, gluttony, lust." '''Gregory the Great, [http://www.lectionarycentral.com/GregoryMoralia/Book31.html Moralia in Iob, book XXXI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612234814/http://www.lectionarycentral.com/GregoryMoralia/Book31.html |date=2021-06-12 }}'''</ref> He combined {{lang|la|tristitia}} with {{lang|la|acedia}}; combined {{lang|la|vanagloria}} with {{lang|la|superbia}}; and added ''envy'', which is {{lang|la|invidia}} in Latin.<ref name="DelCogliano-2014">{{Cite book|title=Gregory the Great: Moral Reflections on the Book of Job, Volume 1|publisher=Cistercian Publications|date=18 November 2014|isbn=9780879071493|first=Mark|last=DelCogliano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Virtues and Vices in the Arts: A Sourcebook|publisher=Cascade Books, an Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers|date=24 February 2015|first=Shawn R.|last=Tucker}}</ref> (Pope Gregory's list corresponds to the traits described in [[Pirkei Avot]] as "removing one from the world.")<ref>Pirkei Avot 2:11, 3:10, and 4:21. Also the [[Vilna Gaon]]'s commentary to Aggadot [[Berakhot (tractate)|Berakhot]] 4b.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://seforimblog.com/2016/03/traditional-jewish-source-for-seven/?print=print | title=Traditional Jewish source for the "Seven Deadly Sins" - the Seforim Blog }}</ref> [[Thomas Aquinas]] uses and defends Gregory's list in his ''[[Summa Theologica]]'', although he calls them the "capital sins", because they are the head and form of all the other sins.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SUMMA THEOLOGICA: The cause of sin, in respect of one sin being the cause of another Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 84; I-II,84,3)|url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2084.htm#article4|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717151503/https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2084.htm#article4|url-status=live}}</ref> Christian denominations, such as the [[Anglican Communion]],<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church: A User-Friendly Reference for Episcopalians|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=en |isbn=9780898697018|page=479}}</ref> [[Lutheran Church]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lutheranhour.org/sermon.asp?articleid=648&mode=print|title=Mighty Menacin' Midianites|last=Lessing|first=Reed|date=25 August 2002|publisher=The Lutheran Hour|language=en|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717152903/https://www.lutheranhour.org/sermon.asp?articleid=648&mode=print|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Methodist Church]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucmpage.org/articles/rspeidel.htm|title=What Would a United Methodist Jesus Do?|last=Speidel|first=Royal|publisher=UCM|language=en|access-date=26 March 2017|quote=Thirdly, the United Methodist Jesus reminds us to confess our sins. How long has it been since you have heard reference to the seven deadly sins: pride, gluttony, sloth, lust, greed, envy and anger?|archive-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425124302/http://ucmpage.org/articles/rspeidel.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> still retain this list; modern evangelists such as [[Billy Graham]] have explicated it.<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Lutheran, Volumes 39–40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaHmAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|publisher=American Lutheran Publicity Bureau|language=en |page=332|quote=The world-renowned Evangelist, Billy Graham, presents in this volume an excellent analysis of the seven deadly sins which he enumerates as pride, anger, envy, impurity, gluttony, avarice and slothfulness.}}</ref>