Editing Seven Laws of Noah (section)

== List ==
The seven Noahide laws as traditionally enumerated in the [[Babylonian Talmud]] ''[[Sanhedrin (tractate)|Sanhedrin]]'' 56a-b and [[Tosefta]] ''[[Avodah Zarah]]'' 9:4,{{refn|<ref name="myjewishlearning.com"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="Reiner 1997"/><ref name="Hayes 2017"/>}} are the following:{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="myjewishlearning.com"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="Feldman2017"/>}}<ref>For a discussion of whether the rabbinic conception of the Noahide prohibition of idolatry mirrors the Torah's prohibition of idolatry or has more leeway, see {{Cite journal|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:50798/CONTENT/shituf-article.pdf |title=World Religions and the Noahide Prohibition of Idolatry |author=Klein, Reuven Chaim|year=2022|journal=Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society|volume=79|pages=109–167|doi=10.17613/h2nz-ep07}}.</ref>

# Not to [[Idolatry|worship idols]].{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="myjewishlearning.com"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="Feldman2017"/>}}
# Not to [[Blasphemy in Judaism|curse God]].
# Not to commit [[murder]].{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="myjewishlearning.com"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="Feldman2017"/>}}
# Not to commit [[adultery]] or [[Fornication#Judaism|sexual immorality]].{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="myjewishlearning.com"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="Feldman2017"/>}}
# Not to [[Theft|steal]].{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="myjewishlearning.com"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="Feldman2017"/>}}
# Not to [[Eating live animals|eat flesh torn from a living animal]].{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="myjewishlearning.com"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="Feldman2017"/>}}
# To establish [[Judicial system|courts of justice]].{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="myjewishlearning.com"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="Feldman2017"/>}}

According to the Talmud, the seven laws were given first to Adam and subsequently to Noah.{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="Vana 2013"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="JVL">{{cite encyclopedia |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Jewish Concepts: The Seven Noachide Laws |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-seven-noachide-laws |url-status=live |year=2021 |orig-year=2017 |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |publisher=American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210052305/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-seven-noachide-laws |archive-date=10 February 2017 |access-date=17 October 2021 |quote=Except for the seventh law, all are negative commands, and the last itself is usually interpreted as commanding the enforcement of the others. They are derived exegetically from divine demands addressed to Adam and Noah, the progenitors of all mankind, and are thus regarded as universal. Noachides may also freely choose to practice certain other [[613 commandments|Jewish commandments]] and Maimonides held that Noachides must not only accept these seven laws on their own merit, but must also accept them as divinely revealed. [...] Even though the [[Talmud]] and Maimonides stipulate that [[Capital punishment in Judaism|a non-Jew who violated the Noachide laws was liable to capital punishment]], contemporary authorities have expressed the view that this is only the maximal punishment. According to this view, there is a difference between Noachide law and halakhah. According to halakhah, when a Jew was liable for capital punishment it was a mandatory punishment, provided that all conditions had been met, whereas in Noachide law death is the maximal punishment, to be enforced only in exceptional cases. In view of the strict monotheism of Islam, [[Judaism and Islam|Muslims were considered as Noachides]] whereas [[Christianity and Judaism|the status of Christians was a matter of debate]]. Since the [[late Middle Ages]], Christianity too has come to be regarded as Noachide, on the ground that [[Trinitarianism]] is not forbidden to non-Jews.}}</ref>}} The [[Tannaim|Tannaitic]] and [[Amoraim|Amoraitic]] [[rabbi]]nic [[Sage (philosophy)|sages]] (1st–6th centuries CE) disagreed on the exact number of Noahide laws that were originally given to Adam.<ref name="Vana 2013"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/> Six of the seven laws were [[Exegesis|exegetically]] derived from passages in the [[Book of Genesis]],{{refn|<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/><ref name="JVL"/><ref>Rabbinical authorities disputed whether there were only one or several commandments given to Adam: see [http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_56.html Sanhedrin 56a/b] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106145103/http://www.halakhah.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_56.html |date=6 November 2017}}</ref>}} with the seventh being the establishment of courts of justice.<ref name="JE1"/><ref name="Talmudica"/> The earliest complete rabbinic version of the seven Noahide laws can be found in the [[Tosefta]]:<ref name="Vana 2013"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Tosefta_Avodah_Zarah.9.4?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en|title=Tosefta Avodah Zarah 9:4|website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEzgAgAAQBAJ&q=Tosefta+Avodah+Zarah+noah&pg=PA591 |page=591 |editor1-first=Lewis Ray |editor1-last=Rambo |editor2-first=Charles E. |editor2-last=Farhadian |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-533852-2 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Seven commandments were commanded of the sons of Noah:
# concerning [[adjudication]] (''dinim'')
# concerning idolatry (''[[avodah zarah]]'')
# concerning blasphemy (''qilelat ha-Shem'')
# concerning sexual immorality (''[[gilui arayot]]'')
# concerning blood-shed (''shefikhut damim'')
# concerning robbery (''gezel'')
# concerning a limb torn from a living animal (''ever min ha-hay'')
}}