Editing Second Viennese School (section)

== Members ==
{{See also|List of students of Arnold Schoenberg}}

The principal members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were [[Alban Berg]] and [[Anton Webern]], who were among his first composition pupils. Both of them had already produced copious and talented music in a late Romantic idiom but felt they gained new direction and discipline from Schoenberg's teaching. Other members of this generation included [[Ernst Krenek]], [[Heinrich Jalowetz]], [[Erwin Stein]] and [[Egon Wellesz]], and somewhat later [[Eduard Steuermann]], [[Hanns Eisler]], [[Robert Gerhard]], [[Norbert von Hannenheim]], [[Rudolf Kolisch]], [[Paul A. Pisk]], [[Karl Rankl]], [[Josef Rufer]], [[Nikos Skalkottas]], [[Viktor Ullmann]], and [[Winfried Zillig]].<ref>[[Rudolf Stephan]], "Wiener Schule", ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik'', second, revised edition, edited by musicologist [[Ludwig Finscher]], 26 volumes in two parts, (Kassel, Basel, London, [etc.]: Bärenreiter-Verlag; Stuttgart and Weimar: J. B. Metzler, 1998): Part 1 (Sachteil), vol. 9 (Sy–Z): cols. 2034–45. {{ISBN|978-3-7618-1128-3}} (Bärenreiter); {{ISBN|978-3-476-41025-2}} (Metzler). citation from cols. 2035–36.</ref> Schoenberg's brother-in-law [[Alexander Zemlinsky]] is sometimes included as part of the Second Viennese School, though he was never Schoenberg's pupil and never renounced a traditional conception of tonality. 

Though Berg and Webern both followed Schoenberg into total chromaticism and both, each in his own way, adopted twelve-tone technique soon after he did, not all of these others did so, or waited for a considerable time before following suit. Several yet later disciples, such as Zillig, the [[Catalonia|Catalan]] Gerhard, the [[Transylvania]]n Hannenheim and the Greek Skalkottas, are sometimes covered by the term, though (apart from Gerhard) they never studied in Vienna but as part of Schoenberg's masterclass in Berlin. 

Membership in the school is not generally extended to Schoenberg's many pupils in the United States from 1933, such as [[John Cage]], [[Leon Kirchner]] and [[Gerald Strang]], nor to many other composers who, at a greater remove, wrote compositions evocative of the Second Viennese style, such as the [[Canadians|Canadian]] pianist [[Glenn Gould]]. By extension, however, certain pupils of Schoenberg's pupils, such as Berg's pupil [[Hans Erich Apostel]] and Webern's pupils [[René Leibowitz]], [[Leopold Spinner]] and Ludwig Zenk, are usually included in the roll-call.

The broader circle of the Second Viennese School included, among others, [[Oskar Adler]], [[Theodor W. Adorno]], [[Hans Erich Apostel]], [[Robert Gerhard]], [[Norbert von Hannenheim]], [[Heinrich Jalowetz]], [[Hanns Jelinek]], [[Sándor Jemnitz]], {{ill|Otto Jokl|de}}, [[Rudolf Kolisch]] of the [[Kolisch Quartet]], [[Ernst Krenek]], {{ill|Rita Kurzmann-Leuchter|de}}, {{ill|Erwin Leuchter|de}}, Olga Novakovic, [[Paul Pisk]], Rudolf Ploderer, Josef Polnauer, [[Erwin Ratz]], {{ill|Willi Reich|de}}, [[Josef Rufer]], [[Peter Schacht]], Julius Schloss, [[Nikos Skalkottas]], [[Erwin Stein]], [[Eduard Steuermann]], [[Viktor Ullmann]], Rudolf Weirich, [[Adolph Weiss]], [[Egon Wellesz]], [[Alexander Zemlinsky]], and [[Winfried Zillig]].

Contemporaneous performers, friends, admirers, and supporters of the circle at various times included figures as diverse as [[Guido Adler]], [[David Josef Bach]],{{sfn|Johnson|2006|loc=198–199}} [[Ernst Bachrich]], Imre [Emerich] Balabán and [[Béla Bartók]] of the New Hungarian Music Society, [[Julius Bittner]], [[Artur Bodanzky]], [[Mark Brunswick]],{{sfn|Krenek|1998|loc=788}} [[Richard Buhlig]], [[Edward Clark (conductor)|Edward Clark]], [[Henry Cowell]], [[Herbert Eimert]], {{ill|Gottfried Feist|ca}}, [[Marya Freund]], [[Felix Galimir]] of the Galimir Quartet, [[Rudolph Ganz]], [[George Gershwin]], [[Richard Gerstl]], [[Walter Gropius]], [[Marie Gutheil-Schoder]], [[Alois Hába]], [[Emil Hertzka]], [[Jascha Horenstein]], [[Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek]], [[Erich Itor Kahn]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Hans Keller]], [[Erich Kleiber]], [[Gustav Klimt]], [[Wilhelm Klitsch]], [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]], [[Louis Krasner]], [[Józef Koffler]], [[Oskar Kokoschka]], [[René Leibowitz]], [[Erich Leinsdorf]], [[Adolf Loos]], [[Darius Milhaud]] and [[Francis Poulenc]] of ''[[Les Six]]'', [[Elisabeth Lutyens]], [[Gustav Mahler|Gustav]] and [[Alma Mahler]], [[Frank Martin (composer)|Frank Martin]], [[Dimitri Mitropoulos]], [[Soma Morgenstern]], [[Johanna Müller-Hermann]], [[Dika Newlin]], [[Will Ogdon]], [[Max Oppenheimer (artist)|Max Oppenheimer]], [[Otakar Ostrčil]], [[Maurice Ravel]], [[Rudolph Reti]], {{ill|Luigi Rognoni|it}}, [[Arnold Rosé]] et al. of the [[Rosé Quartet]], [[Hans Rosbaud]], [[Nikolai Roslavets]] et al. of the [[Association for Contemporary Music]], [[Hermann Scherchen]], [[Egon Schiele]], {{ill|Alfredo Sangiorgi|it}}, {{ill|Alfred Schlee|de}}, [[Erich Schmid (conductor)|Erich Schmid]], [[Franz Schreker]], [[Erwin Schulhoff]], [[Eugenie Schwarzwald]], [[Rudolf Serkin]], [[Roger Sessions]], [[Peter Stadlen]], {{ill|Erika Stiedry-Wagner|de}}, [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Georg Trakl]],{{sfn|Shreffler|1994|loc=21–22}} [[Edgard Varèse]] et al. of the [[International Composers Guild]], Steuermann's sister [[Salka Viertel]],{{sfn|Viertel|1969|loc=3, 56–58, 80–82, 101, 167, 197, 206–210, 220, 257–260, 280–281, 314–316}} [[Imre Waldbauer]] et al. of the {{ill|Waldbauer-Kerpely Quartet|hu|Waldbauer–Kerpely-vonósnégyes}}, [[Franz Werfel]], [[Arnold Zweig]], and ''[[Young Vienna|Jung-Wien]]'' writers [[Peter Altenberg]], [[Hermann Bahr]], [[Karl Kraus (writer)|Karl Kraus]], and [[Arthur Schnitzler]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}